Hiv / Aids The Virus And Its Effect On Human - 1501 Words

HIV/AIDS: The Virus and Its Effect on Human HIV stands for (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). This virus causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), and it means the person is in the most advanced stages of HIV infection. AIDS HIV/AIDS deteriorates a person s ability to fight infections. It can be transmitted through direct contact of a mucous member or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid and breast milk and through unprotected sex and needle sharing. An HIV test checks, finding. Medications may subdue the virus and delay the onset of AIDS. HIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an illness and as a source clear-sightedness. HIV/AIDS cannot be cured but it can be treated, it requires a medical diagnosis, and lab tests. (According to 2005-2015 WebMD, â€Å"HIV/AIDS Health Center†) The symptoms of HIV/AIDS varies from person to person depending on the phrase of the infection. HIV infection varies as those of minor illnesses like the cold or flu. The signs of HIV/AIDS are tiredness, swollen lymph glands, fever, loss of appetite and weight, diarrhea, and night sweats. HIV/AIDS comes in three (3) stages/types: Acute infection or seroconversion, happens within 2-6 weeks after the person’s is exposed or become infected. In this stage the person’s body immune system tries to put up a fight against the virus. The symptoms of acute infection look similar to those of other virus-related illnesses and isShow MoreRelatedHiv / Aids : The Virus And Its Effect On Human1547 Words   |  7 Pages HIV/AIDS: The Virus and Its Effect on Human Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), and is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. AIDS HIV/AIDS deteriorates a person s ability to fight infections. It is contracted through unprotected sex or needle sharing. An HIV test checks finding. Medications may subdue the virus and delay the onset of AIDS. HIV/AIDS has had a great impact on society, both as an illness and as a source clear-sightednessRead MoreModern Day Methods Of Contracting1113 Words   |  5 Pagesthe SIV virus from these non-human primates is discussed as well. As a result of these transmissions, the human immunodeficiency virus is brought to life. In this paper, this virus and its journey throughout history will be explained. Also, HIV and the different subfields this virus can be classified in are discussed throughout the research. As well as the where this virus was contracted, about the time when, and how it was possible. Also, the modern day methods of contracting this virus are listedRead MoreThe Human Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesThe human acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a retrovirus that is found in two forms HIV-1 and HIV-2. The AIDS virus is a relatively new virus receiving attention in the 1980’s. As quickly as it swept through the world, was as quickly it went to epidemic proportions. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome is a virus that enters and infects the body through sexual activity with an infected party. AIDS is a very infectious and dangerous virus that causes the death of many humans. AIDS is characterizedRead MoreThe Origin of HIV/AIDS Essay803 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was once considered a taboo disease that made its appearance in the United States around the late 1970s. Little was known about the virus and it was originally thought to just be found in the gay male community. As more and more research has been d one people now understand the virus and realize that it affects men and women as well as all races, ages, and sexual orientation. It is believed that HIV is a mutated form of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) thatRead MoreHiv And Its Effects On Society1724 Words   |  7 PagesHIV Song Choi 76914396 Public Health 1 2016 Dr. Zuzana Bic Public Health Problem HIV, which stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, belongs to a group of virus called retroviruses. HIV attacks the immune system and gradually causes greater and harmful damages. This means that without the proper care or treatment, a person who is affected by HIV is at a higher risk of developing infections and cancers than those who have a healthy immune system. HIV is an importantRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1531 Words   |  7 PagesThe Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Introduction HIV, also known as the human immunodeficiency virus attacks and destroys the CD4 cells of the immune system. The CD4 are a type of white blood cell that have the role of preventing disease, when the level of these cells reduces due to the HIV virus the ability of the body to fight and prevent disease also reduces; at this stage a person is said to have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs). Epidemiology According to the world health organisationRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1261 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become more commonly seen in the world. It is important to show compassion rather than judging that patient based on a virus. The hygienist plays an important role in making the patient feel comfortable and in a judgment free environment. The patient should not feel as if the disease or virus defines the overall character of the patient. Standards precautions are still the same when treating all patients with or without a compromisingRead MoreHiv And Aids Epidemic. In The 21St Century, Everyone Has1439 Words   |  6 PagesHIV and AIDS Epidemic In the 21st century, everyone has heard of the frightening HIV and AIDS virus. The disease we first discovered in 1983 in Arica, when it killed millions of people, especially poor people and travelers. In the developing countries, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are considered a death sentence, the world over, it is a frightening virus that has killed many people. The research provided me with the information the developingRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1499 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a deadly retrovirus that can progress into AIDS. The progression of HIV has become rapid worldwide over the last few decades. The patient should not feel as if the disease or virus defines the overall character of the patient. The dental hygienist will play an important role in making the patient feel comfortable and in a judgment free environment. Standards precautions are still the same when treating all patients with or withoutRead MoreCommunicable Disease934 Words   |  4 Pagesestimates that 1.1 million Americans are living with HIV and nearly one in five of those are not aware that they are infected (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an infection that slowly destroys the immune system, which makes it difficult for the body to fight off infections. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a communicable disease transmitted through

Compare, Contrast and Evaluate the Sociological...

The role of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare and qualify them for work in the economy as well as helping to integrate individuals into society and teach them the norms, values and morals of society. Yet there are three sociological theories that differ greatly between them on the role of education. These are Functionalism, Marxism and Liberalism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Functionalists view the role of education as a means of socialising individuals and to integrate society, to keep society running smoothly and remain stable. Emile Durkheim, creator of the Organic Analogy, was a functionalist during the 1870’s. Durkheim believes that society can only survive if its members are committed to common†¦show more content†¦Bowles and Gintis also believe that schools are no longer about the teaching of a subject but the Social Principle or control of the pupils meaning that schools concentrate more on the hidden curriculum than the knowledge process. Equally, schools don’t reward independence and innovation, therefore meritocracy cannot exist within our capitalist society as capitalism is based on the principle of a ruling class (the bourgeosis) and a working class (the proletariat) and meritocracy would abolish the idea of the ruling class, society would be equal. According to Louis Althusser (1972), a French Marxist philosopher, the school serves to mould individuals into subjects that fit with the requirements of capitalism, they learn submission, deference and respect for the economy and their place in it. The school also works to ensure that the labour force is technically competent. Also, according to Althusser, the ruling class within any society exercises control over and through schooling and the Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs). The ideologies themselves express the material interests of the ruling class, so this control over and through the ISAs maintains what is called class hegemony, or domination. Althusser is also draws attention to the powerful effects of the ‘hidden curriculum’ ofShow MoreRelatedCompare, Contrast and Evaluate the Sociological Perspectives on the Ro1255 Words   |  6 Pagesrole of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare and qualify them for work in the economy as well as helping to integrate individuals into so ciety and teach them the norms, values and morals of society. Yet there are three sociological theories that differ greatly between them on the role of education. These are Functionalism, Marxism and Liberalism. Functionalists view the role of education as a means of socialising individuals and to integrate society, to keep society runningRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pagespermission to use copyright material: Crown copyright  © material is reproduced under Class Licence No. CO1 W 0000195 with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland; Guardian News and Media Ltd for extracts from Ros Taylor, ‘Classes in non-traditional family life proposed by government’, The Guardian, 12.05.00. Copyright  © Guardian News Media Ltd 2000; Will Woodward, ‘Testing †¦ testing †¦ testing’, The Guardian 20.05.00. Copyright  © Guardian News Media LtdRead MoreOperational Management36687 Words   |  147 Pagesoutput is bread which equals 10 000 loaves And our input is man hours which is 500 workers x 8 hours per day = 4000 man hours So if you calculate 10 000 4 000 the answer is = 2.5 This means nothing at this stage, unless you have something to compare it with e.g. Bakers Bread plans to produce 12 500 loaves of bread per day using 480 workers each working 8 hours per day. Therefore the Plan Productivity is 12 500 3840 = 3.26 Actual versus plan = 2.5 3.26 x 100 1 = 76.6 % Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesstrength of customer spending, especially when times are tight. Study of the current economy indicates that when today’s consumer is completely satisfied with his or her product or service purchase, he or she tells six other potential buyers. In contrast, a dissatisfied consumer informs 25 other potential buyers. That is the leverage of quality in shaping consumer sentiment, which is vital in powering the two-thirds of the American economy that is consumer-driven. Therefore, as companies again go

African American’s Homelessness Free Essays

Johnson, looks at America’s social system from the perspective of Socialists sociology. His book specifically examines â€Å"privilege† (p. ) in America. We will write a custom essay sample on African American’s Homelessness or any similar topic only for you Order Now The author of this book acknowledges that he, himself, is privileged as a White, educated, and male. In contrast The Community of Self, written by Mall Saba’s, addresses the Issue of people’s psychology as It relates to ultra Issues. The book also gives a unique psychological view on the African- American communities. The author is coming from the prospective of an African American, male with a degree in physiology. With Johnny’s, Privilege, Power, and Differences, I was able to link that concept back to why my husband’s boss who cannot relate to him and will not help in furthering his career. His boss comes from a world of privilege and will not admit it. Both books really resonated with me; however I did not have the time I would have liked to study The Community of Self and will spend more time in the future reading It. References FYI only, www. Grammar. Com found 6 writing issues in your text Score: 63 of 100 (weak, needs revision) For more details see web site. Plagiarism Plagiarism checking Is turned off. To get Information on plagiarism, Ore-run the report with plagiarism detection turned on. Spelling Correction issue Accidentally confused words (1) Spelling Commonly confused words unknown words Grammar Issue use of articles (1 ) Conditional sentences use of conjunctions Modal verbs use of adjectives and adverbs Punctuation Punctuation within a clause (1) Closing punctuation Punctuation between clauses Run-on sentences and comma splices Special character punctuation Sentence Structure Sentence fragment Faulty parallelism Word order Style Check 3 issues Usage of colloquial speech (2) Wordiness (1) Improper formatting Outperform How to cite African American’s Homelessness, Papers

Community Practice free essay sample

Facilitating and obstructing factors for development of learning in clinical practice: a student perspective. Issues and innovations in Nursing Education. Journal of Advanced Nursing 34(1), 43–50; Priest, H. , 2004. Phenomenology. Nurse Researcher 11(4), 4–6; Stockhausen, L. , 2005. Learning to become a nurse: student nurses’ reflections on their clinical experiences. Australian Journal of Nursing 22(3), 8–14). The data were analysed using content analysis techniques, exploring their contextual meaning through the development of emergent themes (Neuendorf, K. A. 2002. The Content Analysis Guidebook. Sage Publications, London). The identified themes related to elements of students’ basic skill acquisition, the development of their working relationships with mentors, patients and others, the learning opportunities offered by community practice placements and the effects that such placements had on their confidence to practice. These themes are discuss ed with regard to the published literature, to arrive at conclusions and implications for future nursing education, practice and research. Author: M. R. Baglin Source: http://www. urseeducationinpractice. com/article/S1471-5953(09)00110-3/abstract Community nursing competencies: a comparison of educator, administrator, and student perspectives. Perceptions of functioning levels of baccalaureate students nearing graduation were assessed, comparing views of 15 educators, 15 health department administrators, and 185 students. A modified list of the 47 essential public health nursing competencies identified through the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Division of Nursing served as the basis for data collection and analyses. Student competencies in individual skills were ranked higher than group and community competencies by all three groups surveyed. Students ranked competencies at higher levels than educators and educators at higher levels than administrators. Although administrators continue to advise new graduates to work in acute care before entering community health, support for continuation of this practice was not observed based on administrator ratings. Author: Nickel JT,  Pituch MJ,  Holton J,  Didion J,  Perzynski K,  Wise J,  McVey B. Source: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/7899221 Enhancing students perspectives of health through non-traditional community experiences. The shift in emphasis to community-based health care necessitates that opportunities be provided for nursing students to acquire an understanding of the complex nature of health. A qualitative study was used to demonstrate the benefits accrued by junior baccalaureate nursing students in non-traditional community settings. Key themes that emerged from data analysis included definitions of health and illness as context specific, and environmental factors influencing health. The study demonstrated that learning experiences with diverse communities can broaden students perspectives and understanding of health behaviours. Students gained an appreciation of the sociocultural variation in meanings of health and illness as well as of the social and political dimensions of health. Author: Sword W,  Noesgaard C,  Majumdar B. Source: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/8313070 Student Nurse Attitudes Towards Homeless Clients: a challenge for education and Practice The purpose of this research was to describe attitudes of nursing students (and paramedic officers) towards marginalized clients. Convenience quota sampling in a major health faculty was employed. Students participated on a voluntary basis. A 58-item Likert scale, developed by the authors, assessed the student nurses’ attitudes. In general, attitudes towards homeless clients were neutral; detailed analyses, however, revealed that student nurses would decline to care for homeless clients in various situations. Personal experience with homeless patients and positive attitudes of nurses significantly contributed to increased quality of care and equality of treatment for homeless clients. Certain student nurse behaviors warrant immediate attention to prevent marginalized patients from being exposed to unfair, inaccessible and biased nursing care. Based on our results, we recommend that further research attention be paid to the role of ethics education and faculty behaviors, as faculty members serve as role models for professionalization. Zoltan Balogh Semmelweiss University, Budapest, Hungary,  [emailprotected] hu,[emailprotected] int Source: http://nej. sagepub. com/content/11/4/334. abstract Author: Miklos Zrinyi world Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland Student Nurses Learn Lessons in Community Health on Tribal Reservations University of Washington School of Nursing students have the unique opportunity to complete a community health rotation on one of two Native American reservations on Washington’s Kitsap Peninsula—the only rural public health clinical offered by the school of nursing. The experience has not only helped students learn about a unique group of people, but also how to relate to any patient population in future community health work. Recently, teams of student nurses were assigned to the Fort Gamble S’klallam reservation and to the Suquamish reservation, focusing on four different projects. One group of students partnered with family services personnel in an obesity prevention program mirroring TV’s â€Å"The Biggest Loser,† in which the person who lost the most weight won a car. Other students developed a nutrition program for an early childhood development center. A third group was involved in educating the staff of an early childhood development center about the prevention of Hepatitis B infections. The remaining group conducted and transcribed interviews with individuals for a community assessment. The goal of the assessment was to understand the community’s perception of its strengths and problem issues and to discover which issues were most important to the community. Author: Megan M. Krischke, Source: http://insightsinnursing. com/2009/07/student-nurses-learn-from-community-immersion/ Foreign studies Foreign nurses can slip into communication  gap According to (marshall 2009) it’s not politically correct — but it’s a frequent complaint of hospital patients in Las Vegas: â€Å"The nurses don’t speak English! The complaint is inaccurate. Foreign nurses working in Las Vegas do speak English. All have passed English language competency exams to become licensed in Nevada. But the complaint also contains an element of truth. More than 15 percent of the Las Vegas nursing workforce is internationally trained, about five times the national averag e of 3. 5 percent, according to an expert at UNLV. Most of these nurses are from Asian countries — the Philippines, India, Japan and Korea. Their English is often heavily accented and they may not understand the nuances of American culture and lingo — which can create challenges for patients and doctors. Xu’s research has shown that foreign nurses have a difficult transition to the American health care system. A study he conducted on Chinese nurses in the United States found they often felt socially isolated and paralyzed by their communication inadequacies. Foreign nurses are also forced to adjust to differences in the job description in the United States, Xu’s research has shown. Asian nurses are accustomed to family members doing tasks like bathing and feeding the patient, and may feel such jobs are beneath their level of education, one of his studies found. Language and communication problems can have a direct effect on the quality of patient care, and on the perceptions patients have of their care, Xu said. An estimated 100,000 people die every year as the result of medical errors in the United States, and communication problems are believed to be a leading cause. Xu said it’s impossible to know how much internationally trained nurses contribute to medical errors because the area is grossly understudied. Author: Marshall Allen Source: http://www. lasvegassun. com/news/2009/mar/10/foreign-nurses-can-fall-communication-gap/ A Study of the Drivers of Commitment amongst Nurses: The Salience of Training, Development and Career Issues According to (McCabe etal 2) this study is to highlight factors influencing the commitment of nurses, and particularly focuses on the role of training, development and career issues. It provides the basis for a HRD framework, outlining policy choices in developing high commitment amongst nursing staff. Design/methodology/approach: The main themes and sub-themes relating to the drivers of commitment and the role of training, development and career issues were identified and explored employing a grounded theory, constant omparative approach. Findings: The main fault-line between nurses and the organization concerned resource management, and the introduction of general management concepts and practices. HRD practitioners should consider using the language and terms of reference familiar to nurses when devising HRD initiatives. Factors positively influencing the commitment of nurs ing staff included shared values, involving a sense of vocational commitment towards patient care and nursing. Strong leadership, particularly concerning the role of line management, was seen as important in influencing commitment. Teamwork and support, from both line management and colleagues, was also important. Training and development were highly regarded by nurses, and could be a useful way of recognizing and acknowledging their contribution to health care delivery. Career progression and greater involvement were viewed favourably by some nurses and unfavourably by others. The main issue concerned the possible substitution of nurse practitioner responsibilities with administrative and managerial responsibilities. Research limitations/implications: The findings are solely based on interviews with nursing staff from two NHS organizations. In exploring the various drivers of commitment and the role of training, development and career issues the studys focus was towards depth, as opposed to breath, of investigation. Practical implications: Valuable information for HRD practitioners and researchers on the drivers of commitment amongst nursing staff and the role played by training, development and career issues is provided. Originality/value: This paper is a useful study on exploring commitment amongst nursing staff and ways in which HRD practitioners and researchers can facilitate and develop commitment. The DoLE official added that while waiting for a chance to be employed overseas, nurses can venture into and already start income generating projects. However, she admitted that the high demand for nurses abroad is a really attractive career to pursue because of its obvious economic returns. Meanwhile, Pineda disclosed that the continuing demand for Filipino nurses overseas is expected to intensify, as the world’s northern countries experience longer lifespans and the graying of their population in the next five to ten years is sure to see the deployment of local nurses. Countries that will continue to offer employment opportunities include the Gulf States in the Middle East such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and Oman,† she said. Further, European countries including the United Kingdom and Ireland will also continue hiring Filipino nurses, even as new markets are emerging in Norway, Belgium, Denmark, Finland and Netherlands. Canada, too, is a new market, while Australia and New Zealand likewise offer

Euginics Essay Example

Euginics Essay Eugenics Research The word eugenics was coined in 1883 by British mathematician Francis Gallon, who defined it as the science of improving the stock. The eugenics movement, he said, would be dedicated to allowing the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable. The movement had its heyday from the asses to the asses, when eugenicists argued that southern Europeans, Jews, people of color, homosexuals, and people with disabilities were inferior to white, heterosexual, able-bodied Protestants of northern European scent. Eugenics made somewhat of a comeback in the asses with the advent of genetic in-outer testing, which some see as a new phase in the effort to purify society. Great Britains Francis Gallon was a 19th-century scientist and anthropologist whose achievements spanned an incredible variety of fields and disciplines. He is best known as the inventor of the science of eugenics, an endeavor to use the insight gained through Charles Darnings theory of evolution to improve the human species through the control of hereditary factors in mating. We will write a custom essay sample on Euginics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Euginics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Euginics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gallon was born in Birmingham, England on February 16, 1822 into a family with Quaker roots. His father, Samuel Terries Gallon, was a wealthy man, and his mother, Violet Darwin Gallon, was the daughter of Erasmus Darwin, the famous 18th-century English naturalist and grandfather of Charles Darwin (hence, Francis Gallon and Charles Darwin were cousins). Gallon was a quick student, and he could read English, Latin, and Greek even before he reached school age. At the age of 14, Gallon entered King Edwards School in Birmingham. He soon chafed under the regime of classical studies, craving instruction in math and science. His arent intended him for a career in medicine, so in his teens, he embarked on a tour of medical institutions in Europe. After his return, he worked in the Birmingham General Hospital, entering Kings College in London to study medicine in 1839. However, his commitment to formal medical training did not run as deep as his interest in travel. While he was in Geneses, Germany to attend chemistry lectures, he was seized by a passion to see faraway places. Leaving the lectures, he traveled through Vienna, Constantinople, and Greece. Gallon returned in 1840 and left his medical studies at Kings College in favor of thematic, the study of which he pursued at Trinity College, Cambridge University. Overwork soon wore him down, and he suffered a collapse in his third year, causing him to miss an opportunity to take honors in his new field. Gallon left Cambridge without receiving a degree and returned to medical school in London. However, shortly after he had resigned himself to making his living in medicine, his father died. Thus, in 1844, at age 21, Gallon inherited a fortune that freed him of the need to continue his studies, and he abandoned all thought of becoming a physician. He could now indulge in his abiding passions: travel and unrestricted scientific inquiry. 1850, he began a two-year exploration of remote areas in southwest Africa. His successes here caused the Royal Geographical Society to award him its Gold Medal and elect him a fellow in 1853. Three years later, he was made a fellow in the prestigious Royal Society. He published two volumes of travel writing, Tropical South Africa (1853) and The Art of Travel (1855), which further increased his fame. The asses were very busy and eventful for Gallon, as he also married Louisa Butler in 1853. The marriage remained childless. Over the next several decades, Gallon continued to display his diverse interests and talents, continuing his work for the Royal Geographical Society while publishing papers on a wide variety of scientific subjects. He performed pioneering research in the field of meteorology (on anticyclones) and laid the foundation of modern fingerprint classification. He also worked on several inventions and continued his studies in mathematics, introducing innovations in the study of statistics. The publication of Darnings monumental Origin of Species in 1859 stimulated his greatest interest, however. In 1869, Gallon published Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences, and his overriding interest for the rest of his life would be in heredity, genetics, and eugenics. Hereditary Genius introduced Gallons contention that extraordinary ability was passed down from one generation to the next within certain families. He had noticed, he said, that the great and talented individuals in society tended to come from families that had produced other outstanding individuals. This trend had led him to believe that children inherited not only their physical characteristics from their arent, but also their mental abilities. From these ideas and his reading of Darwin, Gallon theorized that humans could control heredity for their own purposes and promote the creation of a society peopled by superior genetic stock. He termed his new science, devoted to promoting ways to achieve this goal of genetic engineering, eugenics?a word deriving from the Greek work Eugene, meaning well-born. From the beginning, other scientists disputed Gallons claims, arguing that culture, environment, and education were more decisive in shaping human character than genetics. This debate is often preferred to as nature (genetics) versus nurture (environment) and is still hotly disputed today. To prove his theories and promote eugenics, Gallon devoted much of his time to scientific data-gathering, employing primarily anthropometry (the measurement of various parts of peoples anatomy, especially the face and skull) and statistics. He published the results in The English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture (1874), Inquiries into the Human Faculty and its Development (1883), Record of Family Faculties (1884), and Natural Inheritance (1889). He also launched a scientific Journal voted to eugenics and the quantification of human qualities, Biometrics, in 1891 , and in 1893, he set up the Eugenics Laboratory at the University of London. In both of become the main advocate of eugenics in Britain after Gallons death. What Pearson and Gallon desired was a more scientific approach to reproduction in human society, with an eye to producing the fittest offspring, thereby improving the level of intelligence, morality, and health in society at large. This improvement could be accomplished, they argued, either through positive eugenics?encouraging the Redding of superior individuals?or through negative eugenics?discouraging or preventing the reproduction of such undesirable members of society as the sick, criminals, the insane, and even the poor. Such negative meaner did not preclude the use of force, in the form of compulsory sterilization. Gallons ideas on heredity spread all over the world and were influential in eugenics movements and programs in Europe as well as such places as Japan, Brazil, and the United States. Though his ideas were controversial during his lifetime and have remained so after his death, it is clear that he never envisioned the kind of arduous racial selection practiced in Nazi Germany before and during World War II, even though Nazi scientists relied on many of his theories. During the last years of his life, Gallon continued to research, write, and lecture at an astounding rate, and he received many honors from scientific societies and universities all over the world. In 1909, he was knighted by the British Crown. Despite his prolific output, Gallon suffered ill-health over the last years of his life, no doubt caused and exacerbated by his unrelenting work schedule. On January 17, 1911, he died at Hastener, in the county of Surrey, in England. In his will, he endowed a chair in eugenics at the University of London, of which Pearson was the first occupant. Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms. A great deal of controversy surrounds both the concept and practice of genetic engineering: the idea that humans should try to shape and control the world and their own bodies is a concern to many and runs counter to the worlds major religions. Critics also point out that genetic control would necessarily rest in the ands of a few people; thus, genetic engineering could be used for political and economic ends. People with inferior genes, for example, could be discriminated against in employment, health care, and insurance. In addition, the specter of the Nazis experimentation with eugenics during World War II haunts many critics and raises issues of ethnocentrism, racism, and indigenous rights. German National Socialist racial policy was based in large part on the anti-Semitic views of Doll Hitler, coupled with the geopolitical and living state theories of Karl Hauser, and evened with theories taken from the Social Darwinist school of Herbert Spencer and Ernst Mary and the eugenics and scientific racism expounded by Francis Gallon. This mixture provided the ideological foundation of Nazism. Anti-Semitism loomed large in Hitters thinking, and he found support for his hatred in the works of learned men such as Gallon. Gallon had written too friend in 1884: It strikes me that the Jews are specialized for a parasitical existence upon the nation. Hitler concurred, Deer Swage Jude (The Eternal Jew), as parasites. The Nazis found support for their ideas of the existence of Internments (subhuman) n the academic world of Germany. The Institutes for Racial Hygiene staffed by professors and doctors such as Erwin Barr, Eugene Fischer, and Frizz Lend, built a pseudoscience framework around Hitters racist views. These scientists put together comparative charts with different types of eyes, noses, and mouths that purported to allow the researcher to identify a persons race through physical morphology. It was said to be particularly easy to spot Jews Just on appearance, a farcical proposition belied by the fact that Jews were compelled to wear an identifying mark (Star of David) on their garments. These sorts of contradictions were the hallmark of Nazi racial theory. Alfred Rosenberg also contributed heavily to Nazi race theory with his books on Baltic Germans and the supposed role of Jews in history. Nazi racial theories also held that Gypsies (Room) were subhuman, and they too were slated for extinction. Nazi racial policies were codified in 1935 with the passage of the Murderer Laws. One of them, the Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor, took many of its sections directly from U. S. Eugenics laws on the books in the state of Virginia. The Murderer Laws made the discrimination against Jews and Gypsies legal, and made them stateless persons. The Nazis also targeted other racial groups as being inferior, and therefore marked for destruction. Of particular concern were the Slavs, second only in Hitters hatred to the Jews. The Poles were particularly reviled by the Nazis, and were eventually all to be eliminated. The Russians were seen as an admixture of two inferior races: the Asiatic/Mongol and the Slav. Russians were to be selectively bred in limited numbers to serve as slaves, the rest were marked for death. The flip side of this discriminatory racism, was the identification of true Aryans believed by the Nazis to be the seed of the Germanic races). A number of expeditions were sent to far-flung corners of the world in search of the origin of the German superman. Different types of Aryans were identified: Nordic German, Baltic German, and so on. Every German couple who wished to marry had to produce documents showing freedom from hereditary diseases, and ancestry charts that went back at least four generations showing no Jewish blood. Ironically, it is believed that leading Nazis including Hitler and Reinhardt Hydride could not legitimately meet these requirements. The Nazi New Order was a far-reaching and complex scheme to weep away Rupees existing governments and impose a new form of society. The goals of the New Order were to completely remold society economically, socially, racially, and militarily, in order to create ideal conditions for National Socialism. It was nothing short of a Nazi vision of utopia in which Nationalist Socialist Germany reigned supreme. It was to be a society where Nordic/Germanic supermen lived in violists harmony with their fellow Germans. The Nazis saw this as a world free of merely to serve the Master Race. Nazi social ideology espoused a community where everyone was an active participant n the building of the society. Ideological orthodoxy was the main requirement, as well as enthusiastic support for the regime. Dissent was to be reported, and dissenters isolated from the rest of society. Lesser races, which mainly meant the Slavs, were to be enslaved to serve the Master Race. They were to receive only such education as was necessary and reduced in numbers through sterilization and birth control. The Nazis envisioned a return to the Middle Ages, with rural Germanic lords farming large estates in the former Soviet Union, worked by Slavic serfs. Each Nazi lord would be a soldier/farmer, who would defend the frontier against barbarian incursions. Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah Witnesses, homosexuals, and political dissidents would have no place in such a society and were to be exterminated, as would be the weak, mentally challenged, and those deemed unfit. The ideological underpinnings of this vision are to be found in Doll Hitters book, Mien Kampala, and were a loose synthesis of German nationalism, Social Darwinism, eugenics, and scientific racism. Economically, this New Order called for big business to remain free to pursue profit, s long as the industrialists worked at state bidding. Employment would be guaranteed through movements such as the Reestablishments (German Labor Service?RADAR), which provided Jobs for all. The RADAR also acted in lieu of labor unions, which were prohibited, and assured affordable housing for workers, cheap transportation, and even state-paid holidays through the Kraft Durra Freud (Strength Through Joy organization). Those countries that became part of the Greater German Reich and allied states such as France, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, and Britain would have their economies subsumed into that of German, and would be expected o implement Nazi labor and industrial policies. Those countries slated for subjugation, such as Poland and the Soviet Union, were to be stripped of any industry and would become vast agricultural belts, run by the new Teutonic Knights, the AS, and worked by their serf laborers. Racially, certain groups were slated for extinction. Jews were first on the list along with Room (Gypsies). Those born with physical disabilities or the mentally challenged would also be killed. Nazi texts refer to such people as life unworthy of life. Socially and politically heterodox persons would also be removed from society, much like a eases. The Slavs were to be ground down, as workers in the German agricultural belt in the east. Militarily, the old German Army would gradually be phased out in favor of the new political soldiers of the AS, who were to form a new politically aware and ideologically pure Teutonic knighthood. A large portion of the industrial sector would continue to produce and develop new weaponry to enable the Nazi state to dominate the world. The Preliminary Report of the Governors Task Force to Determine the Method of report presents recommendations on how to compensate victims of forced theorization under state law and evaluates previous recommendations. Between 1929 and 1974, more than 7,500 men and women, including some as young as 10, were sterilized under the auspices of North Carolina Eugenics Board and its predecessors. In March 2011, Gob. Bee Purdue of North Carolina issued an executive order creating a task force to examine the problem of compensating surviving victims. The letter of transmittal from the report appears below; the full text (93 pages) can be found in the inset PDF. Dear Governor Purdue: Thank you for giving us the opportunity to study North Carolinas former eugenics aerogram and recommend to you what we believe is a fair and meaningful compensation package for those who were sterilized by the state. All of us heard the painful testimony in June from victims of the states program and we know you are familiar with the details of this shameful period in our history. Between 1929 and 1974, about 7,600 men, women and children were determined to be unfit to reproduce by the N. C. Eugenics Board and sterilized, in most cases without their consent. State officials estimate that 2,944 men and women who were sterilized by the Eugenics Board are still living, though we understand that this figure s probably an overestimate. Its clear to us that they deserve compensation and that no value or amount can provide complete closure. In seeking to provide sincere recommendations to the state and victims of this past scar on North Carolinas history, we each acknowledge that the state of North Carolina must move beyond Just an apology. We also understand that many differences of opinion exist regarding the best ways to provide Justice to North Carolinas Eugenics Board program victims. We are grateful that we have six more months to consider these issues in more detail. We offer these as our preliminary recommendations: Lump Sum Financial Damages for Living Victims of the N. C. Eugenics Board program Mental Health Services for Living Victims Funding for Traveling N. C. Eugenics Exhibit Continuation and Expansion for the N. C. Justice for Sterilization Victims Foundation The preliminary recommendations listed above are not final but serve to provide insight to our current mindset as we proceed. The following report also highlights our current examination of past recommendations made by previous commissions. The Task Force will continue our work over the next few months to review feedback n these preliminary recommendations, seek more information from additional state agencies and stakeholders, and have more intentional conversations before developing the final report and recommendations by February 1, 2012. As a lump sum payment. We need more time to consider these and other figures. The Task Force strongly believes that any damages awarded to victims should be exempt from state taxes. Some victims have requested that victims estates also be eligible for compensation. We need more time to consider that request. We also want to fully explore the possibility of offering state health benefits to living victims. By February, we also will make a recommendation on the staffing and other administrative costs to administer the program and aggressively reach out to victims so that all those entitled to compensation may receive it. A timeline for victims to come forward for potential compensation also will need to be determined. The state also has an obligation to make sure such violations of basic human rights are never repeated. We believe that education will serve as a deterrent. Several years ago, the Department of Cultural Resources put together a traveling exhibit that tells the story of Eugenics in North Carolina. The exhibit is in need of some repair and updating. We will come back to you in February with more detailed recommendations for an updated traveling exhibit and other documentary work that can be used to reach large numbers of North Carolina citizens. We know that in a period of tight budgets compensation may not be popular among your constituents. For many citizens, it may be hard to Justify spending millions when the state is cutting back on other essential services. But the fact is, there never will be a good time to redress these wrongs and the victims have already waited too long. The editorial pages of the states leading newspapers have all called for compensation. The John Locke Foundation?a leading conservative think tank?has also called for compensation. We urge you to use your office to build upon this emerging consensus and to ask the General Assembly to take up the matter as soon as possible. We also invite you to meet with us as a group, or individually, as we are eager to hear your response to our preliminary recommendations and to help you in whatever way we can to bring about Justice. Thank you for standing up for the men and women who were deeply harmed. We acknowledge the huge tasks and responsibilities of the Task Force, the Legislature, and the State of North Carolina and the states efforts to redress an injustice that other states have ignored. We also acknowledge that no amount of money can replace or give value to what has been done to nearly 7,600 people?men, women, boys, girls, African Americans, Whites, American Indians, the poor, undereducated, and disabled who our state and its citizens Judged, targeted, and labeled morons, unfit, and blindsided. Respectfully submitted this first day of August, 2011 North Carolina Digital Collections Women of All Red Nations (WARN) was formed in the middle asses to address issues directly facing Indian women and their families. WARN has some notable alumnae. For example, Winnow Allude, who ran for vice president of the United States on the member. When the American Indian Movement (AIM) began in the asses, women memb ers found themselves playing supporting (and, some asserted, subservient) roles. In 1974, at Rapid City, South Dakota, Native women from more than 30 nations met and decided, among other things, that truth and communication are among our most valuable tools in the liberation of our lands, people, and four-legged and winged reaction. The formation of WARN enabled politically active Native American women to speak with a collective voice on issues that affected them intensely. At the same time, WARN members, with chapters throughout the United States, worked to support a large number of Native American men in prisons. Members of WARN also form liaisons with non-native feminist groups, such as the National Organization of Women, to advocate policies of concern to minority women. The groups main priorities include the improvement of educational opportunities, health and medical care (including reproductive rights), resistance to violence against omen, an end to stereotyping, support for treaties, and protection of the environment, including campaigns against uranium mining and milling, a long-time threat to Alaska and Navajo women as well as men. One critical issue raised by WARN is the widespread sterilization of Native American women in government-run hospitals, an extension of a eugenics movement aimed at impeding the population increase of groups believed by some in government to be poor and/or mentally defective. These programs had ended for most of non-landing groups after World War II (Germanys Nazis having given eugenics an extremely bad petition), but they continued on Indian reservations through the asses. Wherever Indian activists gathered during the Red Power years of the asses, conversation inevitably turned to the number of women who had had their tubes tied or their ovaries removed by the Indian Health Service. Communication spurred by activism provoked a growing number of Native American women to piece together and name what amounted to a national eugenics policy carried out with copious federal funding. WARN and other womens organizations publicized the sterilizations, which were performed after pro formal consent of the women being sterilized. The consent sometimes was not offered in the womens language, and often followed threats that they would die or lose their welfare benefits if they had more children. At least two 1 5-year-old girls were told they were having their tonsils out before their ovaries were removed. The enormity of government-funded sterilization, as well as its eugenics context, has been documented by Sally Torpor in her thesis, Endangered Species: Native American Womens Struggle for Their Reproductive Rights and Racial Identity, asses-asses, written at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. No one even today knows exactly how many Native American women were sterilized Office, whose study covered only four of 12 IIS regions over four years (1973-1976). Within those limits, the study documented the sterilization of 3,406 Indian women. Another estimate was provided by Lehman Brighten (Alaska), who devoted much of his life to the issue. His educated guess (without exact calculations to back it up) is that 40% of Native women and 10% of Native men were sterilized during the decade. Brighten estimates that the total number of Indian women sterilized during the cascade was between 60,000 and 70,000. The women of WARN played a central role in bringing involuntary sterilization of Native American women to an end. Further Reading American Indian Movement (http://www. Movement. Org); Johannes, Bruce E. Reprise/Forced Sterilizations. Native Americas 1 5 (Winter 1998): 4, 44-47; Torpor, Sally J. Endangered Species: Native American Womens Struggle for Their Reproductive Rights and Racial Identity: asses-asses. Masters thesis, University of Nebraska, 1998. MEAL Citation Women of All Red Nations. American History. BBC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 9 Par. 2013. Improving National Health in the Progressive Era During the Progressive Era, the concept of eugenics was intertwined with many health reform crusades including prohibition (intentional), social hygiene (prevention of sexually transmitted diseases), and tuberculosis (TAB) movements. These crusades culminated in changes to public policy and the creation of mandatory health education programs. Although the 1912 Progressive Party standardize, Theodore Roosevelt, advocated national heath insurance, most Progressive health reformers were largely interested in preventing various health problems in the first place. One of the central tenets of such thinking was the new science of eugenics, which, according to its founder Francis Gallon, was the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race [humankind]. During the first three decades of the 20th century, the eugenics movement aimed to improve the health and vitality of Americans and to prevent disease and social problems, which reformers believed to be weakening the human race; many health reformers of the Progressive Era subscribed to eugenic theory. Eugenics was based on the theory of The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics reposed in 1800 by Jean-Baptists Lamarckian. This theory of heredity was still accepted by some scientists and social reformers into the late asses, although in 1866 Gregory Mendel had discovered the basis of genetics?physiology of heredity and its variations. These principles were rediscovered in 1900. Individuals for centuries had recognized that traits and behaviors?both good and bad?ran in families. Health and social reformers had noted that alcoholism, tuberculosis, mental illness and disability, and pauperism (or inherited poverty) appeared to be passed from one enervation to the next. They believed that damage to germ cells?ovum and sperm ?was caused by certain environmental factors. These included racial poisons, such as tobacco, alcohol, and other substances and diseases. This damage in turn could be passed down to offspring and lead to mental and physical debility and the degeneration of society. Formers proclaimed that if toxic substances and diseases were eliminated, and individuals practiced a healthier lifestyle, there would be an increase in health, fitness, and longevity, and a decrease in debility, crime, and social problems. These levels influenced the intentional and tobacco, sexually transmitted disease (Studs), and tuberculosis movements of the Progressive Era. They were also a factor in the pro-personal hygiene, diet, exercise, birth control, and sex education movements. All of these health reform movements culminated in the implementation of public policy or educational programs and their effects are still seen. A major health and social movement of the era with an underpinning of eugenic theory was the intentional or prohibition movement. The saloon at the end of the 19th century was seen as a breeding ground for major health and social problems. Men would spend all their wages, become alcoholic, and consort with prostitutes at the saloon. This led to family poverty, spousal or child abuse, and the transmission of Studs to wives and offspring. Campaigns against saloons and alcohol emerged in 1893, with the formation of the Anti-Saloon League. By 1913, half the states had local option or state prohibition laws. The Eighteenth Amendment, which established national prohibition, was fostered by the League and passed in 1918 with the aim of eliminating alcohol forever in the United States. However, this public policy did not eliminate alcohol. Instead, the law as largely unenforceable and spawned a large criminal black market. (Due to these factors and the Great Depression, Prohibition would be repealed in 1932. Ignorance and syphilis, the primary Studs of the era, were major health concerns. Their prevalence was thought to be due to prostitution, a lack of sex education, and the double standard of sexuality which gave men the freedom to experiment sexually. To eliminate these diseases, social-hygiene reformers and eugenicists campaigned for sex education in the schools, changes in marriage laws, and the elimination of prostitu tion. Mandatory premarital health exams and a blood test for yuppyish before a marriage license was granted were instituted as a health and eugenic measure in several states by 1912. Mandatory reporting of sexually transmitted disease to public health authorities was implemented around 1910, along with the routine application of silver nitrate (and later antibiotics) to the eyes of newborns to prevent blindness from ignorance. These measures resulted in a decrease of Studs and are still legally required in most states. However, the premarital exam or blood test for syphilis was phased out in many states over the last decades of the 20th century as antibiotics were developed that generally cured Hess diseases. The tuberculosis movement was one of the most visible health crusades of the Progressive Era and became a model for other health campaigns. It had both an educational and public policy component. TAB was a leading cause of death and debility at the beginning of the 20th century. It ran in families, was associated with poverty, and was a concern of eugenicists and public health professionals. By the turn of the 20th century, laws that banned spitting had been implemented to curtail the spread of TAB. In New York City, bastardization of milk was implemented in the first decade of the century, and mandatory reporting of cases

A Significant Concern for Humanity Is Its Relationship with the Natural World and Nature’s Influence on Human Behaviour and Human Interaction Essay Example

A Significant Concern for Humanity Is Its Relationship with the Natural World and Nature’s Influence on Human Behaviour and Human Interaction Essay Example A Significant Concern for Humanity Is Its Relationship with the Natural World and Nature’s Influence on Human Behaviour and Human Interaction Essay A Significant Concern for Humanity Is Its Relationship with the Natural World and Nature’s Influence on Human Behaviour and Human Interaction Essay Essay Topic: Brave New World â€Å"A significant concern for humanity is its relationship with the natural world and nature’s influence on human behaviour and human interaction. † These are the guidelines in which the topic ‘in the wild’ fits. I have studied two texts that demonstrate the effects of ‘In The Wild’ very well: ‘Brave New World’, a confronting novel by Aldous Huxley, and Blade Runner, a post-modern film by Ridley Scott, are two dystopian, science-fiction texts which demonstrate the connection between man and nature and the effects of losing this connection. The environment that is shown throughout most of ‘Brave New World’ is not a natural one at all, it is a highly urbanised city location with few natural features like trees. One of the few times that nature is referred to in the ‘World State’ is on page 34 when the controller waves his hand towards the garden, which is comprised of mostly small shrubs. This in itself is not nature because the garden is man-made and has been ‘allowed’ to grow. The word ‘allowed’ demonstrates how this ‘natural’ area is actually unnatural in this place. The tall buildings, roads and walkways seem to be ‘the normal’, while this garden is abnormal, making (in the minds of the people of the World State), the garden ‘un’-natural. This is shown when Bernard takes Lenina out over the ocean in a helicopter and Lenina refers to the ocean and the crashing waves to be ‘horrible, it’s horrible’ on page 75. Similarly, ‘Bladerunner’ is also lacking natural features in the movie. There is not a single tree throughout the whole movie, and the only animals seen are either vermin or artificial. Also, the city in which the film is set is highly urbanised to the extent that an average building may be over 50 metres tall! This landscape has become ‘normal’ and the natural theme of the city has become a dark and dense urban wilderness. The quality and importance of humanity’s relationship with the natural world in these texts is shown to be quite low. The World State of ‘Brave New World’ has left the natural world behind and relied simply on their laws and their science to keep their civilisation alive. This has worked, but at quite a cost – Yes, the people of ‘Brave New World’ are no longer exposed to all the illnesses that they may have been exposed to before, but they’ve lost their ‘humanity’. The people of ‘Brave New World’ have no individuality, no birth right and concern for anyone but themselves. They’ve lost their connection with nature and have in turn lost their passion and their inspiration. They have no self satisfaction gained by catching or growing their own food, no concern for the beauty of an ocean and no ability to consider the tribal traditions of those living ‘in the wild’. In ‘Bladerunner’, people walk down the packed streets individually yet surrounded by hundreds of other people in the same street. They have lost their connection with their planet and have thus lost their connection with each other. They have been sentenced to life in a horribly polluted environment with nothing natural and this has sent them into spiral of depression. They do not even care when Deckard, the main character kills a Replicant (synthetic human) in the middle of busy pedestrian traffic. This shows that they genuinely don’t care about anything except themselves anymore. Humans are presented as ‘drones’ in both texts. In ‘Brave New World’, all the citizens of the ‘World State’ do what they are told, know what they are taught, and simply go through life without questioning anything about their world. This is due to the ‘World State’s’ practices that keep people from growing and aging naturally. This could be seen to be a utopia, but when thought about thoroughly, one realises that this is in fact a dystopia because they give up so much constantly just to exist in this society. The only exception to this is John Savage, who grew up in an Indian tribe. He sees this society to be a complete dystopia, not able to believe the great sacrifices that the people make for happiness, such as the drug ‘Soma’ that his mother takes, which significantly shortens her life just so that she can live in utter happiness for a short while. In ‘Bladerunner’, the most human people on the whole planet Earth are the Replicants. They love, which few human characters are shown to do in the film. They speak of beauty, which few of the human characters in the film do, and they truly value their lives, which none of the human characters in the film do. This shows how the lack of nature has changed humanity so much that they have in fact lost their humanity. In response to the absence of nature in ‘Brave New World’, the World State has certainly become a thriving civilisation, with the population constantly growing, and people being constantly happy, but this comes at a terrible price. These people will never know what it is like to love, fear, suffer, rejoice and most of all think for themselves individually. Similarly in ‘Bladerunner’, the people in this film have lost everything that should be important to them. They no longer care for anyone but themselves and just walk through life helplessly with no individuality and no concern for their peers or environment (what’s left of it). This loss of individuality and choice is the direct result of the loss of native instinct and environment, showing just how crucial the relationship between humans and their surrounding environments is, and just how important the study of ‘In The Wild’ is when analysing any text based in any location.

Globalization, International Manufactures And Service Providers Essay

Globalization, International Manufactures And Service Providers - Essay Example Therefore, globalization connects people and tends to manipulate activities, especially in the economic perspectives to have a common objective. Additionally, globalization promotes the sharing of resources across the globe. Globalization examines operations of various institutions. Besides, economic and religious perspectives, with regards on how to build the world society, necessitate globalization. The main purpose of globalization is to control the problems that the world today faces especially in dealing with the environment and inequality. Therefore, the study of globalization encourages connection of people from different and diverse areas, to come together and solve some of the main problems in the world today. This is done through sharing of trade activities and promotion of equality in terms of resources. On the other hand, international managers facilitate promotion of globalization. They negotiate alliances, deal with the government officials and motivate diverse workforc e (Betty& Oded, 2004, p 478). Therefore, managers play a central function in regulating globalization across the globe.