Appeasement and the Munich - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Appeasement and the Munich - Smart Custom Writing Heat and TemperatureIn order to understand about heat and temperature, it is of great importance to introduce the meaning of matter as well as the Kinetic Theory of Matter. This is because heat can be seen to exist when its effects are observed on matter. Without matter heat and temperature could not be realized. Matter can be defined as anything that has mass and that can occupy space. Matter is composed of substances, and these can be seen being made up of atoms, ions and molecules. Atoms, ions and molecules are the building blocks of matter; such that the behaviors of different types of substances are determined by these primary particles. The atoms of substances contain minute particles which are referred to as protons and electrons. These subatomic particles are also considered matter since they both have weight and occupy space (Atkins Paula, 2002).   Matter exists in three distinct states namely, solid state, liquid state and gaseous state. The three state of matter are inter-convertible such that one state can be converted into another state by changing the immediate environmental conditions especially temperature. The solid state of matter is characterized by having its own volume as well having a definite shape. Liquid state of matter is characterized by having its own volume but assumes the shape of the container it occupies. Gaseous state of matter does not have both its own volume and shape but occupies entire volume of the container and as well assumes the shape of the container it occupies (Atkins Paula, 2002). Kinetic Theory of Matter states that matter is made up of very many minute particles that are in a constant state of motion. The theory can also be referred to as the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter.   The theory forms the basis to explain the behavior that different forms of matter exhibit simply by making simple assumptions, for example, the idea that matter is composed of widely spaced particles which are in a constant motion. The significant areas in this case are transfer or flow of heat as well as the relationship between temperature, pressure, and volume of gases. The Kinetic Theory of matter is a mere prediction regarding the behavior of matter, based on particular approximations and assumptions. These assumptions and approximations are made from experiments and observations, for instance, the fact that objects are made up of atoms or small molecules (Burshtein, 1996).   Heat can be defined as a form of energy that is associated with the motion of molecules or atoms and that can be conveyed through fluid and solid media by the process of conduction, through vacuum by the process of radiation, and through fluid media by convection process.   There are different sources of heat, for instance, heat due to friction, heat due to nuclear reactions, heat due to sun, heat due to burning of fossil fuels, and heat due to electricity. This transmission of energy from one substance to another is determined by a change in phase or a difference in temperature. Therefore temperature can be defined as the measure of the mean kinetic energy of the molecules or atoms in a given sample of matter, and it is usually expressed in degrees or units chosen on a typical scale. The relationship between heat and temperature is depicted from the definitions. Temperatures of substances rise when heat is supplied. Intense heat is characterized by high temperature (Turns, 2006). Now it will be very clear, if in the discussion of converting substances from one state to another immediate state, heat and temperature are involved. From the Kinetic Theory of Matter, it is evident that matter is made up of small particles that are in a constant state of motion. These particles may consist of molecules, ions or atoms which are held together by strong forces of attraction. In the solid state, the particles are closely packed together in fixed positions. The particles cannot move from one position to another but can vigorously vibrate within their fixed positions, and this is because the forces of attraction between the particles are very strong. With the increase in the temperature of a substance in solid state, the particles gain heat energy gradually and the kinetic energy of the particles increases. A point is reached when the particles start to move more vigorous until the forces of attraction between them weakens.   The particles can now move from one place t o another as the substance changes state from solid to liquid. The substance loses its definite shape but it still has its own volume (Atkins Paula, 2002). In the liquid state, the particles are not as closely held together as in the solid states since the forces of attraction between the particles are a bit weaker. The particles are free to move from one place to another within the structure. When the temperature of the substance is increased further, the particles gradually absorb heat energy. The kinetic energy of the particles further increases as the particles move more vigorous. A point reaches when the forces of attraction between the particles are overcome and the particles move far apart from one another. At this point the substance changes its state from liquid to gaseous state (Turns, 2006).   Reduction in temperature reverses the processes, such that the substance in gaseous state changes into liquid state and finally into solid state. This is because, as the temperature reduces, the kinetic energy of the particles goes down and the forces of attraction become stronger. Thus the particles of the substance attract one another. Heat capacity of a substance is defined as a measurable physical quantity that portrays the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of a body by a particular amount. The SI units for heat capacity are joules per Kelvin. In substances heat capacity is determined by various properties for example the amount of matter in the substance expressed in terms of its mass, the type of material of which the substance is composed of, the temperature of the substance, and the atmospheric pressure (White, 1999).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   References Atkins, P., Paula, J. (2002). Atkins' Physical Chemistry. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. Burshtein, a., (1996). Introduction to Thermodynamics and Kinetic Theory of Matter.   London: J. Wiley. Turns, S., (2006). Thermal-Fluid Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. White, G., (1999). Heat Capacity and Thermal Expansion at Low Temperatures. New York:   Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

Learn How Apples First Smartphone Came to Be

Learn How Apple's First Smartphone Came to Be According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a smartphone is â€Å"a mobile phone that performs many of the functions of a  computer, typically having a touchscreen interface, internet access, and an operating system capable of running downloaded apps.† As those of you who know your smartphones history are aware, Apple did not invent the smartphone. They did, however, bring us the iconic and much-imitated iPhone, which debuted June 29, 2007. Precursors to the iPhone Prior to the iPhone, smartphones were often, bulky, unreliable, and prohibitively expensive. The iPhone was a game-changer. While its technology was state-of-the-art at the time, since more than 200  patents  went into its original manufacture, theres no pinpointing a single person as the iPhones inventor. Still, a few names- including Apple designers John Casey and Jonathan Ive- stand out as being instrumental in bringing Steve Jobs vision for a touchscreen smartphone to life. While Apple had produced the Newton MessagePad, a personal digital assistant (PDA) device, from 1993 to 1998, the first  concept for a true iPhone-type device came about in 2000 when Apple designer John Casey sent some concept art around via an internal email for something he called the Telipod- a telephone and iPod combination.  The  Telipod  never made it into production but Apple co-founder and CEO Steve Jobs did believe that cell phones with a touchscreen function and access to the Internet were the future of accessible information. Accordingly, Jobs set a team of engineers to tackle the project.   Apples First Smartphone Apples first smartphone, the ROKR E1, was released on Sept. 7, 2005. It was the first mobile phone to use iTunes, the music-sharing software Apple had debuted in 2001. However, the ROKR was an Apple and Motorola collaboration, and Apple was not happy with Motorolas contributions. Within a year, Apple discontinued support for the ROKR. On Jan. 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced the new iPhone at the Macworld Convention. It went on sale on June 29, 2007. What Made the iPhone So Special Apples chief design officer from 1992 to 2019, Jonathan Ive, was largely responsible for the look and feel of the iPhone. Born in Britain in February 1967, Ive was also the principal designer of the iMac, the titanium and aluminum PowerBook G4, MacBook, unibody MacBook Pro, iPod, iPhone, and iPad. The first smartphone with no dedicated keypad for dialing, the iPhone was entirely a touchscreen device that broke new technological ground with its multitouch controls. In addition to being able to use the screen to select and use apps, users could scroll and zoom as well with a finger swipe. The iPhone also introduced the accelerometer, a motion sensor that allowed the user to turn the phone sideways and have the display automatically rotate to suit. While it was not the first device to have apps or software add-ons, it was the first smartphone to manage the apps market successfully. Siri The iPhone 4S was released with the addition of a personal assistant called Siri, a voice-controlled, artificial intelligence-based assistant that could not only perform numerous tasks for the user, it could also learn and adapt to better serve that user, as well. With the addition of Siri, the iPhone was no longer a mere phone or music player- it literally put an entire world of information at the users fingertips. Waves of the Future Since it made its debut, Apple has continued to improve and update the iPhone. The iPhone 10 (also known as iPhone X), released in November 2017, is the first iPhone to use  organic light-emitting diode  (OLED)  screen technology, wireless charging, and facial recognition technology to unlock the phone. In 2018, Apple released three versions of the iPhone X: iPhone Xs, iPhone X Max (a larger version of the Xs), and the budget-friendly iPhone Xr, all with improved camera technology that enables what Apple terms, Smart HDR (high dynamic range) photography. Going forward, Apple is expected to continue with OLED displays for its 2019 devices, and there are some rumors that the company plans to soon retire its earlier LCD (liquid crystal display) displays altogether.