Euginics Essay Example

Euginics Essay Eugenics Research The word eugenics was coined in 1883 by British mathematician Francis Gallon, who defined it as the science of improving the stock. The eugenics movement, he said, would be dedicated to allowing the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable. The movement had its heyday from the asses to the asses, when eugenicists argued that southern Europeans, Jews, people of color, homosexuals, and people with disabilities were inferior to white, heterosexual, able-bodied Protestants of northern European scent. Eugenics made somewhat of a comeback in the asses with the advent of genetic in-outer testing, which some see as a new phase in the effort to purify society. Great Britains Francis Gallon was a 19th-century scientist and anthropologist whose achievements spanned an incredible variety of fields and disciplines. He is best known as the inventor of the science of eugenics, an endeavor to use the insight gained through Charles Darnings theory of evolution to improve the human species through the control of hereditary factors in mating. We will write a custom essay sample on Euginics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Euginics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Euginics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gallon was born in Birmingham, England on February 16, 1822 into a family with Quaker roots. His father, Samuel Terries Gallon, was a wealthy man, and his mother, Violet Darwin Gallon, was the daughter of Erasmus Darwin, the famous 18th-century English naturalist and grandfather of Charles Darwin (hence, Francis Gallon and Charles Darwin were cousins). Gallon was a quick student, and he could read English, Latin, and Greek even before he reached school age. At the age of 14, Gallon entered King Edwards School in Birmingham. He soon chafed under the regime of classical studies, craving instruction in math and science. His arent intended him for a career in medicine, so in his teens, he embarked on a tour of medical institutions in Europe. After his return, he worked in the Birmingham General Hospital, entering Kings College in London to study medicine in 1839. However, his commitment to formal medical training did not run as deep as his interest in travel. While he was in Geneses, Germany to attend chemistry lectures, he was seized by a passion to see faraway places. Leaving the lectures, he traveled through Vienna, Constantinople, and Greece. Gallon returned in 1840 and left his medical studies at Kings College in favor of thematic, the study of which he pursued at Trinity College, Cambridge University. Overwork soon wore him down, and he suffered a collapse in his third year, causing him to miss an opportunity to take honors in his new field. Gallon left Cambridge without receiving a degree and returned to medical school in London. However, shortly after he had resigned himself to making his living in medicine, his father died. Thus, in 1844, at age 21, Gallon inherited a fortune that freed him of the need to continue his studies, and he abandoned all thought of becoming a physician. He could now indulge in his abiding passions: travel and unrestricted scientific inquiry. 1850, he began a two-year exploration of remote areas in southwest Africa. His successes here caused the Royal Geographical Society to award him its Gold Medal and elect him a fellow in 1853. Three years later, he was made a fellow in the prestigious Royal Society. He published two volumes of travel writing, Tropical South Africa (1853) and The Art of Travel (1855), which further increased his fame. The asses were very busy and eventful for Gallon, as he also married Louisa Butler in 1853. The marriage remained childless. Over the next several decades, Gallon continued to display his diverse interests and talents, continuing his work for the Royal Geographical Society while publishing papers on a wide variety of scientific subjects. He performed pioneering research in the field of meteorology (on anticyclones) and laid the foundation of modern fingerprint classification. He also worked on several inventions and continued his studies in mathematics, introducing innovations in the study of statistics. The publication of Darnings monumental Origin of Species in 1859 stimulated his greatest interest, however. In 1869, Gallon published Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences, and his overriding interest for the rest of his life would be in heredity, genetics, and eugenics. Hereditary Genius introduced Gallons contention that extraordinary ability was passed down from one generation to the next within certain families. He had noticed, he said, that the great and talented individuals in society tended to come from families that had produced other outstanding individuals. This trend had led him to believe that children inherited not only their physical characteristics from their arent, but also their mental abilities. From these ideas and his reading of Darwin, Gallon theorized that humans could control heredity for their own purposes and promote the creation of a society peopled by superior genetic stock. He termed his new science, devoted to promoting ways to achieve this goal of genetic engineering, eugenics?a word deriving from the Greek work Eugene, meaning well-born. From the beginning, other scientists disputed Gallons claims, arguing that culture, environment, and education were more decisive in shaping human character than genetics. This debate is often preferred to as nature (genetics) versus nurture (environment) and is still hotly disputed today. To prove his theories and promote eugenics, Gallon devoted much of his time to scientific data-gathering, employing primarily anthropometry (the measurement of various parts of peoples anatomy, especially the face and skull) and statistics. He published the results in The English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture (1874), Inquiries into the Human Faculty and its Development (1883), Record of Family Faculties (1884), and Natural Inheritance (1889). He also launched a scientific Journal voted to eugenics and the quantification of human qualities, Biometrics, in 1891 , and in 1893, he set up the Eugenics Laboratory at the University of London. In both of become the main advocate of eugenics in Britain after Gallons death. What Pearson and Gallon desired was a more scientific approach to reproduction in human society, with an eye to producing the fittest offspring, thereby improving the level of intelligence, morality, and health in society at large. This improvement could be accomplished, they argued, either through positive eugenics?encouraging the Redding of superior individuals?or through negative eugenics?discouraging or preventing the reproduction of such undesirable members of society as the sick, criminals, the insane, and even the poor. Such negative meaner did not preclude the use of force, in the form of compulsory sterilization. Gallons ideas on heredity spread all over the world and were influential in eugenics movements and programs in Europe as well as such places as Japan, Brazil, and the United States. Though his ideas were controversial during his lifetime and have remained so after his death, it is clear that he never envisioned the kind of arduous racial selection practiced in Nazi Germany before and during World War II, even though Nazi scientists relied on many of his theories. During the last years of his life, Gallon continued to research, write, and lecture at an astounding rate, and he received many honors from scientific societies and universities all over the world. In 1909, he was knighted by the British Crown. Despite his prolific output, Gallon suffered ill-health over the last years of his life, no doubt caused and exacerbated by his unrelenting work schedule. On January 17, 1911, he died at Hastener, in the county of Surrey, in England. In his will, he endowed a chair in eugenics at the University of London, of which Pearson was the first occupant. Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms. A great deal of controversy surrounds both the concept and practice of genetic engineering: the idea that humans should try to shape and control the world and their own bodies is a concern to many and runs counter to the worlds major religions. Critics also point out that genetic control would necessarily rest in the ands of a few people; thus, genetic engineering could be used for political and economic ends. People with inferior genes, for example, could be discriminated against in employment, health care, and insurance. In addition, the specter of the Nazis experimentation with eugenics during World War II haunts many critics and raises issues of ethnocentrism, racism, and indigenous rights. German National Socialist racial policy was based in large part on the anti-Semitic views of Doll Hitler, coupled with the geopolitical and living state theories of Karl Hauser, and evened with theories taken from the Social Darwinist school of Herbert Spencer and Ernst Mary and the eugenics and scientific racism expounded by Francis Gallon. This mixture provided the ideological foundation of Nazism. Anti-Semitism loomed large in Hitters thinking, and he found support for his hatred in the works of learned men such as Gallon. Gallon had written too friend in 1884: It strikes me that the Jews are specialized for a parasitical existence upon the nation. Hitler concurred, Deer Swage Jude (The Eternal Jew), as parasites. The Nazis found support for their ideas of the existence of Internments (subhuman) n the academic world of Germany. The Institutes for Racial Hygiene staffed by professors and doctors such as Erwin Barr, Eugene Fischer, and Frizz Lend, built a pseudoscience framework around Hitters racist views. These scientists put together comparative charts with different types of eyes, noses, and mouths that purported to allow the researcher to identify a persons race through physical morphology. It was said to be particularly easy to spot Jews Just on appearance, a farcical proposition belied by the fact that Jews were compelled to wear an identifying mark (Star of David) on their garments. These sorts of contradictions were the hallmark of Nazi racial theory. Alfred Rosenberg also contributed heavily to Nazi race theory with his books on Baltic Germans and the supposed role of Jews in history. Nazi racial theories also held that Gypsies (Room) were subhuman, and they too were slated for extinction. Nazi racial policies were codified in 1935 with the passage of the Murderer Laws. One of them, the Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor, took many of its sections directly from U. S. Eugenics laws on the books in the state of Virginia. The Murderer Laws made the discrimination against Jews and Gypsies legal, and made them stateless persons. The Nazis also targeted other racial groups as being inferior, and therefore marked for destruction. Of particular concern were the Slavs, second only in Hitters hatred to the Jews. The Poles were particularly reviled by the Nazis, and were eventually all to be eliminated. The Russians were seen as an admixture of two inferior races: the Asiatic/Mongol and the Slav. Russians were to be selectively bred in limited numbers to serve as slaves, the rest were marked for death. The flip side of this discriminatory racism, was the identification of true Aryans believed by the Nazis to be the seed of the Germanic races). A number of expeditions were sent to far-flung corners of the world in search of the origin of the German superman. Different types of Aryans were identified: Nordic German, Baltic German, and so on. Every German couple who wished to marry had to produce documents showing freedom from hereditary diseases, and ancestry charts that went back at least four generations showing no Jewish blood. Ironically, it is believed that leading Nazis including Hitler and Reinhardt Hydride could not legitimately meet these requirements. The Nazi New Order was a far-reaching and complex scheme to weep away Rupees existing governments and impose a new form of society. The goals of the New Order were to completely remold society economically, socially, racially, and militarily, in order to create ideal conditions for National Socialism. It was nothing short of a Nazi vision of utopia in which Nationalist Socialist Germany reigned supreme. It was to be a society where Nordic/Germanic supermen lived in violists harmony with their fellow Germans. The Nazis saw this as a world free of merely to serve the Master Race. Nazi social ideology espoused a community where everyone was an active participant n the building of the society. Ideological orthodoxy was the main requirement, as well as enthusiastic support for the regime. Dissent was to be reported, and dissenters isolated from the rest of society. Lesser races, which mainly meant the Slavs, were to be enslaved to serve the Master Race. They were to receive only such education as was necessary and reduced in numbers through sterilization and birth control. The Nazis envisioned a return to the Middle Ages, with rural Germanic lords farming large estates in the former Soviet Union, worked by Slavic serfs. Each Nazi lord would be a soldier/farmer, who would defend the frontier against barbarian incursions. Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah Witnesses, homosexuals, and political dissidents would have no place in such a society and were to be exterminated, as would be the weak, mentally challenged, and those deemed unfit. The ideological underpinnings of this vision are to be found in Doll Hitters book, Mien Kampala, and were a loose synthesis of German nationalism, Social Darwinism, eugenics, and scientific racism. Economically, this New Order called for big business to remain free to pursue profit, s long as the industrialists worked at state bidding. Employment would be guaranteed through movements such as the Reestablishments (German Labor Service?RADAR), which provided Jobs for all. The RADAR also acted in lieu of labor unions, which were prohibited, and assured affordable housing for workers, cheap transportation, and even state-paid holidays through the Kraft Durra Freud (Strength Through Joy organization). Those countries that became part of the Greater German Reich and allied states such as France, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, and Britain would have their economies subsumed into that of German, and would be expected o implement Nazi labor and industrial policies. Those countries slated for subjugation, such as Poland and the Soviet Union, were to be stripped of any industry and would become vast agricultural belts, run by the new Teutonic Knights, the AS, and worked by their serf laborers. Racially, certain groups were slated for extinction. Jews were first on the list along with Room (Gypsies). Those born with physical disabilities or the mentally challenged would also be killed. Nazi texts refer to such people as life unworthy of life. Socially and politically heterodox persons would also be removed from society, much like a eases. The Slavs were to be ground down, as workers in the German agricultural belt in the east. Militarily, the old German Army would gradually be phased out in favor of the new political soldiers of the AS, who were to form a new politically aware and ideologically pure Teutonic knighthood. A large portion of the industrial sector would continue to produce and develop new weaponry to enable the Nazi state to dominate the world. The Preliminary Report of the Governors Task Force to Determine the Method of report presents recommendations on how to compensate victims of forced theorization under state law and evaluates previous recommendations. Between 1929 and 1974, more than 7,500 men and women, including some as young as 10, were sterilized under the auspices of North Carolina Eugenics Board and its predecessors. In March 2011, Gob. Bee Purdue of North Carolina issued an executive order creating a task force to examine the problem of compensating surviving victims. The letter of transmittal from the report appears below; the full text (93 pages) can be found in the inset PDF. Dear Governor Purdue: Thank you for giving us the opportunity to study North Carolinas former eugenics aerogram and recommend to you what we believe is a fair and meaningful compensation package for those who were sterilized by the state. All of us heard the painful testimony in June from victims of the states program and we know you are familiar with the details of this shameful period in our history. Between 1929 and 1974, about 7,600 men, women and children were determined to be unfit to reproduce by the N. C. Eugenics Board and sterilized, in most cases without their consent. State officials estimate that 2,944 men and women who were sterilized by the Eugenics Board are still living, though we understand that this figure s probably an overestimate. Its clear to us that they deserve compensation and that no value or amount can provide complete closure. In seeking to provide sincere recommendations to the state and victims of this past scar on North Carolinas history, we each acknowledge that the state of North Carolina must move beyond Just an apology. We also understand that many differences of opinion exist regarding the best ways to provide Justice to North Carolinas Eugenics Board program victims. We are grateful that we have six more months to consider these issues in more detail. We offer these as our preliminary recommendations: Lump Sum Financial Damages for Living Victims of the N. C. Eugenics Board program Mental Health Services for Living Victims Funding for Traveling N. C. Eugenics Exhibit Continuation and Expansion for the N. C. Justice for Sterilization Victims Foundation The preliminary recommendations listed above are not final but serve to provide insight to our current mindset as we proceed. The following report also highlights our current examination of past recommendations made by previous commissions. The Task Force will continue our work over the next few months to review feedback n these preliminary recommendations, seek more information from additional state agencies and stakeholders, and have more intentional conversations before developing the final report and recommendations by February 1, 2012. As a lump sum payment. We need more time to consider these and other figures. The Task Force strongly believes that any damages awarded to victims should be exempt from state taxes. Some victims have requested that victims estates also be eligible for compensation. We need more time to consider that request. We also want to fully explore the possibility of offering state health benefits to living victims. By February, we also will make a recommendation on the staffing and other administrative costs to administer the program and aggressively reach out to victims so that all those entitled to compensation may receive it. A timeline for victims to come forward for potential compensation also will need to be determined. The state also has an obligation to make sure such violations of basic human rights are never repeated. We believe that education will serve as a deterrent. Several years ago, the Department of Cultural Resources put together a traveling exhibit that tells the story of Eugenics in North Carolina. The exhibit is in need of some repair and updating. We will come back to you in February with more detailed recommendations for an updated traveling exhibit and other documentary work that can be used to reach large numbers of North Carolina citizens. We know that in a period of tight budgets compensation may not be popular among your constituents. For many citizens, it may be hard to Justify spending millions when the state is cutting back on other essential services. But the fact is, there never will be a good time to redress these wrongs and the victims have already waited too long. The editorial pages of the states leading newspapers have all called for compensation. The John Locke Foundation?a leading conservative think tank?has also called for compensation. We urge you to use your office to build upon this emerging consensus and to ask the General Assembly to take up the matter as soon as possible. We also invite you to meet with us as a group, or individually, as we are eager to hear your response to our preliminary recommendations and to help you in whatever way we can to bring about Justice. Thank you for standing up for the men and women who were deeply harmed. We acknowledge the huge tasks and responsibilities of the Task Force, the Legislature, and the State of North Carolina and the states efforts to redress an injustice that other states have ignored. We also acknowledge that no amount of money can replace or give value to what has been done to nearly 7,600 people?men, women, boys, girls, African Americans, Whites, American Indians, the poor, undereducated, and disabled who our state and its citizens Judged, targeted, and labeled morons, unfit, and blindsided. Respectfully submitted this first day of August, 2011 North Carolina Digital Collections Women of All Red Nations (WARN) was formed in the middle asses to address issues directly facing Indian women and their families. WARN has some notable alumnae. For example, Winnow Allude, who ran for vice president of the United States on the member. When the American Indian Movement (AIM) began in the asses, women memb ers found themselves playing supporting (and, some asserted, subservient) roles. In 1974, at Rapid City, South Dakota, Native women from more than 30 nations met and decided, among other things, that truth and communication are among our most valuable tools in the liberation of our lands, people, and four-legged and winged reaction. The formation of WARN enabled politically active Native American women to speak with a collective voice on issues that affected them intensely. At the same time, WARN members, with chapters throughout the United States, worked to support a large number of Native American men in prisons. Members of WARN also form liaisons with non-native feminist groups, such as the National Organization of Women, to advocate policies of concern to minority women. The groups main priorities include the improvement of educational opportunities, health and medical care (including reproductive rights), resistance to violence against omen, an end to stereotyping, support for treaties, and protection of the environment, including campaigns against uranium mining and milling, a long-time threat to Alaska and Navajo women as well as men. One critical issue raised by WARN is the widespread sterilization of Native American women in government-run hospitals, an extension of a eugenics movement aimed at impeding the population increase of groups believed by some in government to be poor and/or mentally defective. These programs had ended for most of non-landing groups after World War II (Germanys Nazis having given eugenics an extremely bad petition), but they continued on Indian reservations through the asses. Wherever Indian activists gathered during the Red Power years of the asses, conversation inevitably turned to the number of women who had had their tubes tied or their ovaries removed by the Indian Health Service. Communication spurred by activism provoked a growing number of Native American women to piece together and name what amounted to a national eugenics policy carried out with copious federal funding. WARN and other womens organizations publicized the sterilizations, which were performed after pro formal consent of the women being sterilized. The consent sometimes was not offered in the womens language, and often followed threats that they would die or lose their welfare benefits if they had more children. At least two 1 5-year-old girls were told they were having their tonsils out before their ovaries were removed. The enormity of government-funded sterilization, as well as its eugenics context, has been documented by Sally Torpor in her thesis, Endangered Species: Native American Womens Struggle for Their Reproductive Rights and Racial Identity, asses-asses, written at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. No one even today knows exactly how many Native American women were sterilized Office, whose study covered only four of 12 IIS regions over four years (1973-1976). Within those limits, the study documented the sterilization of 3,406 Indian women. Another estimate was provided by Lehman Brighten (Alaska), who devoted much of his life to the issue. His educated guess (without exact calculations to back it up) is that 40% of Native women and 10% of Native men were sterilized during the decade. Brighten estimates that the total number of Indian women sterilized during the cascade was between 60,000 and 70,000. The women of WARN played a central role in bringing involuntary sterilization of Native American women to an end. Further Reading American Indian Movement (http://www. Movement. Org); Johannes, Bruce E. Reprise/Forced Sterilizations. Native Americas 1 5 (Winter 1998): 4, 44-47; Torpor, Sally J. Endangered Species: Native American Womens Struggle for Their Reproductive Rights and Racial Identity: asses-asses. Masters thesis, University of Nebraska, 1998. MEAL Citation Women of All Red Nations. American History. BBC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 9 Par. 2013. Improving National Health in the Progressive Era During the Progressive Era, the concept of eugenics was intertwined with many health reform crusades including prohibition (intentional), social hygiene (prevention of sexually transmitted diseases), and tuberculosis (TAB) movements. These crusades culminated in changes to public policy and the creation of mandatory health education programs. Although the 1912 Progressive Party standardize, Theodore Roosevelt, advocated national heath insurance, most Progressive health reformers were largely interested in preventing various health problems in the first place. One of the central tenets of such thinking was the new science of eugenics, which, according to its founder Francis Gallon, was the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race [humankind]. During the first three decades of the 20th century, the eugenics movement aimed to improve the health and vitality of Americans and to prevent disease and social problems, which reformers believed to be weakening the human race; many health reformers of the Progressive Era subscribed to eugenic theory. Eugenics was based on the theory of The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics reposed in 1800 by Jean-Baptists Lamarckian. This theory of heredity was still accepted by some scientists and social reformers into the late asses, although in 1866 Gregory Mendel had discovered the basis of genetics?physiology of heredity and its variations. These principles were rediscovered in 1900. Individuals for centuries had recognized that traits and behaviors?both good and bad?ran in families. Health and social reformers had noted that alcoholism, tuberculosis, mental illness and disability, and pauperism (or inherited poverty) appeared to be passed from one enervation to the next. They believed that damage to germ cells?ovum and sperm ?was caused by certain environmental factors. These included racial poisons, such as tobacco, alcohol, and other substances and diseases. This damage in turn could be passed down to offspring and lead to mental and physical debility and the degeneration of society. Formers proclaimed that if toxic substances and diseases were eliminated, and individuals practiced a healthier lifestyle, there would be an increase in health, fitness, and longevity, and a decrease in debility, crime, and social problems. These levels influenced the intentional and tobacco, sexually transmitted disease (Studs), and tuberculosis movements of the Progressive Era. They were also a factor in the pro-personal hygiene, diet, exercise, birth control, and sex education movements. All of these health reform movements culminated in the implementation of public policy or educational programs and their effects are still seen. A major health and social movement of the era with an underpinning of eugenic theory was the intentional or prohibition movement. The saloon at the end of the 19th century was seen as a breeding ground for major health and social problems. Men would spend all their wages, become alcoholic, and consort with prostitutes at the saloon. This led to family poverty, spousal or child abuse, and the transmission of Studs to wives and offspring. Campaigns against saloons and alcohol emerged in 1893, with the formation of the Anti-Saloon League. By 1913, half the states had local option or state prohibition laws. The Eighteenth Amendment, which established national prohibition, was fostered by the League and passed in 1918 with the aim of eliminating alcohol forever in the United States. However, this public policy did not eliminate alcohol. Instead, the law as largely unenforceable and spawned a large criminal black market. (Due to these factors and the Great Depression, Prohibition would be repealed in 1932. Ignorance and syphilis, the primary Studs of the era, were major health concerns. Their prevalence was thought to be due to prostitution, a lack of sex education, and the double standard of sexuality which gave men the freedom to experiment sexually. To eliminate these diseases, social-hygiene reformers and eugenicists campaigned for sex education in the schools, changes in marriage laws, and the elimination of prostitu tion. Mandatory premarital health exams and a blood test for yuppyish before a marriage license was granted were instituted as a health and eugenic measure in several states by 1912. Mandatory reporting of sexually transmitted disease to public health authorities was implemented around 1910, along with the routine application of silver nitrate (and later antibiotics) to the eyes of newborns to prevent blindness from ignorance. These measures resulted in a decrease of Studs and are still legally required in most states. However, the premarital exam or blood test for syphilis was phased out in many states over the last decades of the 20th century as antibiotics were developed that generally cured Hess diseases. The tuberculosis movement was one of the most visible health crusades of the Progressive Era and became a model for other health campaigns. It had both an educational and public policy component. TAB was a leading cause of death and debility at the beginning of the 20th century. It ran in families, was associated with poverty, and was a concern of eugenicists and public health professionals. By the turn of the 20th century, laws that banned spitting had been implemented to curtail the spread of TAB. In New York City, bastardization of milk was implemented in the first decade of the century, and mandatory reporting of cases

A Significant Concern for Humanity Is Its Relationship with the Natural World and Nature’s Influence on Human Behaviour and Human Interaction Essay Example

A Significant Concern for Humanity Is Its Relationship with the Natural World and Nature’s Influence on Human Behaviour and Human Interaction Essay Example A Significant Concern for Humanity Is Its Relationship with the Natural World and Nature’s Influence on Human Behaviour and Human Interaction Essay A Significant Concern for Humanity Is Its Relationship with the Natural World and Nature’s Influence on Human Behaviour and Human Interaction Essay Essay Topic: Brave New World â€Å"A significant concern for humanity is its relationship with the natural world and nature’s influence on human behaviour and human interaction. † These are the guidelines in which the topic ‘in the wild’ fits. I have studied two texts that demonstrate the effects of ‘In The Wild’ very well: ‘Brave New World’, a confronting novel by Aldous Huxley, and Blade Runner, a post-modern film by Ridley Scott, are two dystopian, science-fiction texts which demonstrate the connection between man and nature and the effects of losing this connection. The environment that is shown throughout most of ‘Brave New World’ is not a natural one at all, it is a highly urbanised city location with few natural features like trees. One of the few times that nature is referred to in the ‘World State’ is on page 34 when the controller waves his hand towards the garden, which is comprised of mostly small shrubs. This in itself is not nature because the garden is man-made and has been ‘allowed’ to grow. The word ‘allowed’ demonstrates how this ‘natural’ area is actually unnatural in this place. The tall buildings, roads and walkways seem to be ‘the normal’, while this garden is abnormal, making (in the minds of the people of the World State), the garden ‘un’-natural. This is shown when Bernard takes Lenina out over the ocean in a helicopter and Lenina refers to the ocean and the crashing waves to be ‘horrible, it’s horrible’ on page 75. Similarly, ‘Bladerunner’ is also lacking natural features in the movie. There is not a single tree throughout the whole movie, and the only animals seen are either vermin or artificial. Also, the city in which the film is set is highly urbanised to the extent that an average building may be over 50 metres tall! This landscape has become ‘normal’ and the natural theme of the city has become a dark and dense urban wilderness. The quality and importance of humanity’s relationship with the natural world in these texts is shown to be quite low. The World State of ‘Brave New World’ has left the natural world behind and relied simply on their laws and their science to keep their civilisation alive. This has worked, but at quite a cost – Yes, the people of ‘Brave New World’ are no longer exposed to all the illnesses that they may have been exposed to before, but they’ve lost their ‘humanity’. The people of ‘Brave New World’ have no individuality, no birth right and concern for anyone but themselves. They’ve lost their connection with nature and have in turn lost their passion and their inspiration. They have no self satisfaction gained by catching or growing their own food, no concern for the beauty of an ocean and no ability to consider the tribal traditions of those living ‘in the wild’. In ‘Bladerunner’, people walk down the packed streets individually yet surrounded by hundreds of other people in the same street. They have lost their connection with their planet and have thus lost their connection with each other. They have been sentenced to life in a horribly polluted environment with nothing natural and this has sent them into spiral of depression. They do not even care when Deckard, the main character kills a Replicant (synthetic human) in the middle of busy pedestrian traffic. This shows that they genuinely don’t care about anything except themselves anymore. Humans are presented as ‘drones’ in both texts. In ‘Brave New World’, all the citizens of the ‘World State’ do what they are told, know what they are taught, and simply go through life without questioning anything about their world. This is due to the ‘World State’s’ practices that keep people from growing and aging naturally. This could be seen to be a utopia, but when thought about thoroughly, one realises that this is in fact a dystopia because they give up so much constantly just to exist in this society. The only exception to this is John Savage, who grew up in an Indian tribe. He sees this society to be a complete dystopia, not able to believe the great sacrifices that the people make for happiness, such as the drug ‘Soma’ that his mother takes, which significantly shortens her life just so that she can live in utter happiness for a short while. In ‘Bladerunner’, the most human people on the whole planet Earth are the Replicants. They love, which few human characters are shown to do in the film. They speak of beauty, which few of the human characters in the film do, and they truly value their lives, which none of the human characters in the film do. This shows how the lack of nature has changed humanity so much that they have in fact lost their humanity. In response to the absence of nature in ‘Brave New World’, the World State has certainly become a thriving civilisation, with the population constantly growing, and people being constantly happy, but this comes at a terrible price. These people will never know what it is like to love, fear, suffer, rejoice and most of all think for themselves individually. Similarly in ‘Bladerunner’, the people in this film have lost everything that should be important to them. They no longer care for anyone but themselves and just walk through life helplessly with no individuality and no concern for their peers or environment (what’s left of it). This loss of individuality and choice is the direct result of the loss of native instinct and environment, showing just how crucial the relationship between humans and their surrounding environments is, and just how important the study of ‘In The Wild’ is when analysing any text based in any location.

Globalization, International Manufactures And Service Providers Essay

Globalization, International Manufactures And Service Providers - Essay Example Therefore, globalization connects people and tends to manipulate activities, especially in the economic perspectives to have a common objective. Additionally, globalization promotes the sharing of resources across the globe. Globalization examines operations of various institutions. Besides, economic and religious perspectives, with regards on how to build the world society, necessitate globalization. The main purpose of globalization is to control the problems that the world today faces especially in dealing with the environment and inequality. Therefore, the study of globalization encourages connection of people from different and diverse areas, to come together and solve some of the main problems in the world today. This is done through sharing of trade activities and promotion of equality in terms of resources. On the other hand, international managers facilitate promotion of globalization. They negotiate alliances, deal with the government officials and motivate diverse workforc e (Betty& Oded, 2004, p 478). Therefore, managers play a central function in regulating globalization across the globe.

Division of Labor within the family Research Paper

Division of Labor within the family - Research Paper Example These three elements, as spelled by White, highlight how three needs – the social, natural and biological – have forced the family into the division of roles. This is demonstrated in the way family, in its history, has taken many forms and how each member has been given tasks to ensure it the best chance for survival. This paper will outline the significant forms that the family and community have taken through the years and how the sociological, biological and natural needs are being met. Specifically, this paper will identify its bearing on the division of labor and responsibilities within the family. In order to be able to establish the foundation of this paper, it is necessary to explain the fundamental concepts of the family, the division of labor and their relationship. In the process, the social, biological and natural factors that cause the division of labor within the family will also be identified. Scholars began to take interest in the development of the human institution called the family in 1860s and this resulted to the investigation of its history. According to Patricia Rosof, these scholars sought the origins and examined the development of the family because by doing so, they would be able to understand patterns of kinship structures, marriage, and inheritance, as well as explanations to familial traditions, among other matrimonial values. (1) With this scholarly interest, the definition of family became a necessity. Because of development and cultural differences, there is no standard definition or clear legally outlined meaning for the family but for the purposes of this study, the definition offered by the US Bureau of Census will be used. It states that, â€Å"a family consists of two or more persons who are living together and who are bound to each other by kinship, marriage or adoption.† (Skirbekk 118) The structure of family and the relationships therein at a particular time and place can yield invaluable

Adoption Should not Be Promoted over Abortion Assignment

Adoption Should not Be Promoted over Abortion - Assignment Example A lot of the times when he brings up adoption, the author does not actually explain what's wrong with it.   He just states that it is wrong and then glosses over the explanation by using shock words. Even though I do not agree with her, the author does present sources for her data that back up her arguments. However, I have seen sources that argue just as convincingly for the opposing opinion. Although the author is arguing for her opinion, she prefers to do so through the presentation of study results and listing the possible consequences. She does not seem interested in using rhetorical devices to make her argument more effective. Yes. Even though the author does not cite articles, he represents several sides of the issue and does not just resort to scare or smear tactics to convince people that he is right and his opponents.  Appeal to Fear – Basically the entire speech.   The author consistently uses terms like â€Å"genocide,† â€Å"scourge,† â€Å"pl ague,† and even compares the issue to the use of gas chambers. Hasty Generalization – The author assumes that all white people are racist.  If a black child is adopted by white parents, he will not be able to cope with racism because his white parents will not know how to teach him it.  The teaching of sex education to children educates them about sex, meaning that they will be more likely to engage in sexual activity.

Counter-measures to the Bullwhip Effect

Counter-measures to the Bullwhip Effect Bullwhip Effect which is Supply Chain Demand Amplification caused due to distorted information moving from one end of a supply chain to the other causing tremendous inefficiencies. Companies can successfully counteract the bullwhip effect by thoroughly understanding its causes and effects. Several industry leaders are implementing innovative strategies that create new challenges such as integration of new information systems, definition of new organizational relationships, and implementation of new incentive and measurement systems. Various initiatives and remedies based on the underlying coordination mechanism, namely, information gathering and sharing, channel positioning, and operational efficiency can oppose the very effects. Through information sharing, demand information at a downstream site is transmitted upstream in a timely fashion. Channel positioning is the coordination of pricing, transportation, inventory planning, and ownership between the upstream and downstream sites in a supply chain. Operational efficiency refers to activities that improve performance, such as reduced costs and lead-time. Supply Chain strategies to counter measure Bullwhip Effect Following are few Supply Chain strategies employed to reduce or tame the Bullwhip effect and to improve business performance. Avoidance of Multiple Demand Forecast Updates Members of a supply chain conducts forecasting in association with its planning based demand input from their immediate downstream member in producing their own forecasts. Demand input from the immediate downstream member, results from that members forecasting, whose input is from its own downstream member. Solution to the recurring processing of consumption data in a supply chain is to make demand data at a downstream position available to the upstream site allowing both sites can update their forecasts with the same raw data in the current computerized scenario, manufacturers request sell-through data on withdrawn stocks from their resellers central repository warehouse. Although the data are not as absolute as point-of-sale data from the resellers stores, it offers considerably more information than was available when manufacturers didnt know what happened after shipping of their products. Electronic Data Interchange: Supply chain partners can use electronic data interchange (EDI) to distribute data. In the consumer industry, around 20 percent of orders placed by retailers of consumer products were transmitted via EDI in early 1990s.Now its grown to around 80%. The EDI basically facilitates information transmission and sharing among chain members. In the consumer products industry, this practice is known as Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) or a continuous replenishment program (CRP). Several companies such as PG, Campbell Soup, MM/Mars, Apple, Nestle, Quaker Oats, and Scott Paper uses CRP many of their customers. PG employs VMI in its diaper supply chain, starting with its important supplier, 3M, and their customers- Wal-mart. Apple Computer has a consumer direct program, i.e., it sells directly to consumers without involving the reseller and distribution channel. An advantage of the program is that it allows Apple to spot the demand patterns for all its products. Dell Computers is another company which sells its products directly to customers. Just-In-Time Replenishment: Long resupply lead times can aggravate the bullwhip effect. Improvements in operational efficiency can help reduce the highly variable demand due to multiple forecast updates. Hence, just-in-time replenishment is an effective way to mitigate the effect. Break Bulk Orders Order batching contributes to the bullwhip effect therefore companies need to devise strategies that lead to smaller batches or more frequent resupply. Electronic data interchange [EDI] can reduce the cost of the paperwork in generating an order. PG has introduced standardized ordering terms across all business units to simplify the process and dramatically cut the number of invoices. General Electric is electronically coordinating buyers and suppliers throughout the company. Nabisco perform computer-assisted ordering, paperless, thereby customers order more frequently. Assortments of different products: Another reason for large order batches is the cost of transportation. To tackle this cost, some manufacturers encourage their distributors to order assortments of different products. Hence a truckload may contain different products from the same manufacturer as an alternative of a full load of the same product. Thus for each product, the order frequency is much higher, the frequency of deliveries to the distributors remains unaffected, and the transportation effectiveness is preserved. PG has given discounts to distributors who are willing to order mixed-SKU (stock-keeping unit) lots of its products. Composite distribution for fresh and chilled food uses the mixed-SKU idea to make resupply more regular. Since fresh produce need to be stored at different temperatures, trucks to transport them need to have a variety of temperatures. Third-party logistics: The use of third-party logistics companies also helps make small lot replenishments economical. They give room for economies of scale that was not feasible in a single supplier-customer relationship. By consolidating loads from several suppliers located close by, a company can realize full truckload economies even without having the batches coming from the same supplier. PG coordinates regular delivery arrangements with its customers. Hence, it distributes the replenishments to all the several retailers evenly over a week. Stabilize Price Variations Reduction of both the frequency and the level of wholesale price discounting can control bullwhip effect caused by forward buying and diversions. The manufacturer can reduce the incentives for retail forward buying by establishing a uniform wholesale pricing policy. Everyday Low Price (EDLP): Retailers and distributors can aggressively negotiate with their suppliers to give them everyday low cost (EDLC). PG, Kraft, and Pillsbury have moved to an everyday low price (EDLP) or value pricing strategy. PG reported its highest profit margins in twenty-one years and showed increases in market share in early 1990s. Activity-based costing (ABC) systems facilitate companies to recognize the unnecessary costs of forward buying and diversions. When companies run provincial promotions, some retailers buy in bulk in the area where these promotions are held, then divert the products to other regions for utilization. ABC systems provide explicit accounting of the storage, individual handling, costs of inventory, transportation, and so on that previously were hidden and often outweigh the profit of promotions. Eliminate Gaming in Shortage The sharing of capacity and inventory information helps to lessen customers anxiety and, consequently, lessen their need to employ in gaming. Times when a supplier faces a shortage, instead of assigning products based on orders, it can assign in proportion to past sales records. Customers have no incentive to overstate their orders. General Motors has long used this method of allotment in cases of short supply. Sharing capacity information is insufficient when there is a genuine shortage. Few manufacturers work with consumers to place orders well in advance of the sales time. Thus adjust production capability or scheduling with improved knowledge of product demand. Counter measure to Generous return policies Generous return policies that manufacturers offer retailers heighten gaming. Without a penalty, retailers will continue to overstate their needs and cancel orders. Few computer manufacturers are starting to enforce more stern cancellation policies. Eliminate incentives for customers and distributors On eliminating these incentives, it can prevent demand accumulation and order staging. Minimizing incentivized promotions will cause the customers to delay orders and there by smoother ordering patterns. We need to understand the product demands at each stage of the supply chain. Basically increase the collaboration through shared demand information as discussed above. This shall ensure there are no information queues leading to information flow delays. A Methodological approach to solving the bullwhip problem The principal decision lies in whether to study the bullwhip problem in discrete or continuous time system. In discrete time [using Laplace transform and differential delay], the various system states [demand rates, inventory and WIP levels] and replenishment orders are placed at the equally spaced moments of time. In between these moments of time, no information about the system is known. In continuous time [using z transform] the systems states are monitored at all the moments of time and the rate of order is continuously adjusted. Neither of the representations of time is incorrect. Just that one representation of time may be more suitable for a given situation than the other. Consider for example, in a grocery supply chain, supermarkets total up demand that has occurred during the day, a replenishment order is prepared and the delivery is dispatched from the distribution centre overnight. This scenario is especially suitable for a discrete time analysis. On the other hand, a petrochemical plant might be able to constantly adjust its production of different grades of product to mirror the current demand rates for each grade. This type of scenario is more agreeable and suitable to a continuous analysis. Finally we can conclude that the bullwhip effect results from rational decision making by members within the supply chain. Companies can effectively counteract the consequence by thoroughly considering its underlying causes. Thus the companies can either let the bullwhip effect paralyze them or discover a way to conquer it and play it to their advantage.

Dinner is Served :: Technology Food Papers

Dinner is Served I ran into the kitchen to perform some last minute preparations for the night’s joyous festivities. I could smell the inviting aroma of the freshly smoked salmon which I had smothered in a light cabernet sauce and topped with dill to complete the presentation. I must admit that I was quite nervous in regards to the night that lay ahead. I quickly set the table because dinner was to be served in fifteen minutes. I could see the look of anxiety on my face through the reflection of the recently polished silver and stemware. I decided that Ben and Bill would sit across the table from Tim and myself. I knew I was taking a chance inviting the three of them back to my home considering what had happened the last time, but I was in the mood to engage myself into some stimulating conversation. The doorbell rang as I was pouring the last of the Pinot Grigio and my nervousness quickly ceased the moment that I opened the door. I said a little prayer that the night would go smoot hly and proceeded to twist the doorknob, opening myself to the world of luddites and fetishists. Bill Henderson was the first to arrive. He walked into my house with his head held high and placed his cane next to his seat. Bill was in his late 60s and was sure to add his own spice into the dinner party. I asked to take his knee length, brown suede jacket but he looked at me and mumbled, â€Å"I think that I can do it myself. You do realize that I can sufficiently run my life without an absurd amount of help that others seem to need.† "I'm sorry." I said. "I just thought it might be easier for me to take it.""That seems to be the only thing that concerns you people these days! Why must everything be so easy? I actually enjoy taking my coat and putting it behind my chair like the good old days." His breath permeated the smell of aged whiskey throughout the dining room. I led him to his predetermined seat and pushed start on the CD Player. He reached for his glass of wine as Beethoven’s String Quartet in C sharp minor gently entered the room.

The Soothing Sensation That Is Bath Salts

The Soothing Sensation That is Bath Salts Introduction â€Å"Oh yeah, me and my girlfriend have a big bag of lavender bath salts sitting at home,† was the initial reaction when I asked a fellow engineer to portray as a testimonial for our borderline inappropriate bath salts infomercial. Contrary to popular belief, this new synthetic drug is far away from producing any effects that are similar to that of a relaxing bath. Until recently, bath salts were popularized to be a â€Å"legal high. In order to tip toe around the federal drug regulatory laws, bath salts were marked with a warning label that mentioned â€Å"not for human consumption. † In South Carolina, before the ban on October 24th 2011, bath salts could be purchased at one of the many head shops, gas stations, and even online. The appearance of the drug itself is usually in a powdered form that is sold within a package that is very aesthetically pleasing. These packages are sold under a variety of appealing na mes such as Ivory Wave, Vanilla Sky, Bliss, Blue Silk and etc.The composition of the synthetic drug bath salts can vary from dealer to dealer. Sometimes you may find traces of other stimulant drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines, or ecstasy, but the most important culprit in bath salts is 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). MDPV falls under the category of phenethylamines and it is structurally related to synthetic cathinones. Synthetic cathinones are a group of drugs that are derivatives of the natural plant Catha edulis (also known khat), that contain the chemical phenylalkylamine alkaloid (Coppola, 2011).The remainder of the paper will provide some of the current available information such as pharmacokinetics, neurophysiology, and a brief discussion about MDPV as the primary active ingredient in bath salts. Pharmacokinetics The routes of administration of bath salts are similar to that of drugs in the â€Å"salt† class. The most common method is insufflation which result s in faster onset of the effects but does not have a long duration. There are also other routes of administration preferred by drug enthusiasts; these mechanisms include parietal injections, intravenously, â€Å"bombing,† and also rectal administration.The â€Å"bombing† method involves putting the salt crystals in to cigarette paper to form a capsule and then simply swallowing it. The rectal administration requires an individual to dissolve the salt crystals in a type of liquid vehicle (i. e. water) and then introduce the liquid to the rectum via the anus. The absorption of MDPV is primarily dependent on the route of administration. The nasal route obviously has the quickest absorption. On the other hand, the oral administration is absorbed poorly because when taken orally, the rate of absorption compares to that of cocaine.The metabolism of MDPV in the human liver occurs similarly to that of other synthetic cathinone. The process involves multiple steps and the last of which is where the catechol ring of MDPV is methylated by COMT (Prosser, 2011). COMT is one of several enzymes that are involved in the degradation of catecholamines (i. e. dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine). Finally, after the metabolism, the excretion of MDPV waste occurs through the urine of feces. Since there are no published, the duration of the effects of MDPV must be recorded with the word of mouth from experienced users.The drug effects start presenting themselves approximately 10-20 minutes after nasal administration and duration is close to 2. 5 hours. With oral administration, users report the effect to set in between 15-45 minutes after ingestion and the duration can last anywhere from 3-4 hours (in rare cases as much as 12 hrs) (Psychonaut, 2009). Neurophysiology As mentioned previously, due to the limited amount of available information for understanding the mechanism of physiological action of MDPV, the neurophysiology is theorized to have a similar mechani sm to that of amphetamines and MDMA.This comparison is highly based on the structural similarities between amphetamines and synthetic cathinones (Prosser, 2011). The effects of amphetamines and their derivatives are produced by the three-fold effect on monoamine synapses. First, amphetamine-like drugs cause a leakage of neurotransmitters (NTs) from the presynaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft. Second, they also increase the amount of NTs released in response to an action potential.Finally, there is an inhibition of monoamine reuptake from the synaptic cleft. As a result of the three-fold effect, there is an increase in concentration of NTs in the synaptic cleft which prolongs and enhances the effect of MDPV. Effects of MDPV on the Mind and Body Similar to most highly abused substances, MDPV has a laundry list of physical and psychological effects, including both desired and undesired. This data of effects is generated from first hand users and from the thousands of hospital admi ssions.With initial administration of MDPV, users can feel some desired effects that are not necessarily harmful (including but not limited to): increased energy, increased sociability, mild euphoria, increased concentration, sexual arousal (Coppola, 2011 & Psychonaut 2009). Individuals that experience these non-harmful side effects are considered to be very lucky because on the other side of the coin are some very serious undesired psychoactive side effects. These undesired effects include extreme paranoia, delusional thinking, visual & auditory hallucinations, self-mutilation, insomnia, violence, and restlessness (Prosser, 2011).Side effects of MDPV travels in pairs, if it affects the mind it will also have an effect on the body. Effects on the body include hypertension, tachycardia, chest pains, vasoconstriction, muscle twitches, bruxism, insomnia, and lack of appetite (Psychonaut, 2009). Currently, there is no effective treatment against MDPV overdose. The only method that is co nsidered is to treat the physiological symptoms as they rise in order to prevent the individual from cause harm to themselves or others.To integrate all of the information I have provided in the paper thus far, I will present one of the many case studies that were published by medical doctors after this dramatic increase in hospital admissions as a consequence of MDPV psychosis. A 27-year-old female named J. H was brought to the emergency room by the local police after they received multiple phone calls reporting an assailant breaking into their home. Upon arrival of the police, they were notified that there was a dead body in the hallway and that the homeowners were next for being killed. The police soon deduced that J. H. as suffering from paranoid delusions. In the emergency room, J. H. presented with hypertension, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and extreme fear but there were no sign of a physical disorder. When the results for her complete blood count, the comprehensive metabolic pa nel and the drug urine test returned completely unremarkable, she was transferred to the hospital’s psychiatric unit. The psychiatric staff recorded that she had a disorganized thought process, poor memory and was still convinced that she was in imminent danger. The only option for the doctors that was available was to start J. H. n treatment for Schizophrenia. The following day, her condition mildly improved and she was able to inform the doctors about the events that resulted with her being hospitalized. Apparently, she had a past history of opiate dependence, and one day, her and her boyfriend discovered bath salts, under the name of â€Å"Powdered Rush,† at a local head shop. They admitted to being on a binge period by insufflation for about five to six days prior to admission. The doctors concluded that paranoid psychosis from MDPV developed very much like that seen with methamphetamines and other psychostimulants.After three to four days of sleep deprivation, the re was an onset of paranoid psychosis symptoms. She was released from the hospital a few days later after she was able to recover from sleep exhaustion (Antonowicz, 2011). Discussion As of November 2011, it was reported that there is currently no research that focuses on addiction and withdrawal related to synthetic cathinones (Prosser, 2011). This means that conclusions about MDPV related addiction, dependence, and withdrawal must be extrapolated from other drugs that are similar in structure and mechanism of action.As discussed previously, the mechanism of MDPV is by inhibiting the reuptake of catecholamines to produce strong stimulant effects. MDPV stimulates the ventral tegmental area to release more dopamine, which in turn will project to multiple areas of the brain: prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAcc), and the hippocampus. All of these structures contribute to the conditioning and reinforcing behavior of MDPV. Since the reuptake of dopamine is inhibited, there is going to be an increase in the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic cleft.One can imagine the addictive, dependence, and tolerance properties of MDPV to be a combination of the properties of morphine, cocaine, and ecstasy. To elaborate, the pattern of administration of MDPV resembles to morphine because there is a slow increase in the dose over time required to acquire the necessary effect. Then the administration pattern of ecstasy also factors in because of cravings it causes. When an individual abuses ecstasy the serotonin will become scarce over time due to overstimulation.The low levels of serotonin will cause the individual to crave more ecstasy, but no amount of ecstasy will help. Similarly, the over production of MDPV causes the catecholamines to run low in supply and cause the addict to crave more. Finally, the other pattern that contributes to MDPV resembles the administration pattern of cocaine. The components of cocaine administration pattern that is relative to MD PV are the binge and exhaustion periods. Individuals will abuse MDPV for a period of time and due to sleep deprivation the individual will crash.In conclusion, when we integrate the three patterns together, the overall pattern of MDPV will show an increase in dose of administration until the individual either crashes from exhaustion or passes away due to an event that occurred in psychosis. When viewing the overall pattern of MDPV use, it is easy to see that majority of the time this drug can be extremely harmful. But, some users report that when MDPV is ingested at low doses, it produces a stimulant effect that is similar to methylphenidate. This glimpse of reported user experiences can make MDPV a candidate for ADD/ADHD treatment (Psychonaut, 2009).One of the factors that can increase the frequency of abuse of MDPV is the marketing of the bath salts themselves. The overall design and nomenclature that the bath salts are sold under are very aesthetically pleasing. Through personal experience, prior to the ban of bath salts, the price was very affordable when compared to the quality of effect (approximately $18 for 50 mg). Now after the federal ban, the price of some bath salts online range from $900 to $2200 for a large quantity. Many news reports suggest that there is a common misconception of harm when it comes to substances such as bath salts or other similar â€Å"legal† substances.Just because there are substances that seem to sneak around the drug regulations, they should be assumed as being safe. Statistics from the American Association of Poison Control Centers state that there were 1782 calls nationwide to poison centers about designer drugs labeled as â€Å"bath salts† just during the first four months of 2011. This was an exponential increase when compared to just 302 calls in all of 2010 (AAPCC). Mark Ryan, director of the Louisiana Poison Center, writes a quote for an article on Drugs. com that said: â€Å"If you ake the very worst effects of the illegal drugs LSD and Ecstasy with their hallucinogenic, delusional type properties, and combine them with the extreme agitation, superhuman strength and combativeness of PCP, as well as the stimulant properties of cocaine and methamphetamines, you have summarized the potential negative effects of bath salts use. † In conclusion, there has been a dramatic increase in the abuse of bath salts with the primary ingredient being MDPV. The current approach of gathering information for the mechanism of action of MDPV is mostly done by modulating the internet.Despite the lack of research on synthetic cathinones, individuals still take the risk to abuse MDPV. But based on similarities found between MDPV and other stimulants, we can theorize the mechanisms of action in the central nervous system. In my opinion, if you have not exposed yourself to MDPV it would be a wise decision to keep it that way because, metaphorically speaking, MDPV is like your girlfriend; it not on ly screws with your body but also your mind. 🙂 (I thought I would put a smiley face so that I can actually get to see it). References 1. American Association of Poison Control Centers. . Antonowicz, J. , Metzger, A. , & Ramanujam, S. (2011). Paranoid psychosis induced by consumption of methylenedioxypyrovalerone: two cases. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33, 640. e5-640. e6. Retrieved December 4, 2011, from the SciVerse ScienceDirect database. 3. Coppola, M. , & Mondola, R. (2011). 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV): Chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of a new designer drug of abuse marketed online. Toxicology Letters, 208(1), 12-15. Retrieved December 4, 2011, from the ScienceDirect database. 4. Hallucinogens Legally Sold as ‘Bath Salts' a New Threat – Drugs. om MedNews. (n. d. ). Drugs. com | Prescription Drug Information, Interactions & Side Effects. Retrieved December 6, 2011, from http://www. drugs. com/news/hallucinogens-legally-sold-bath-salts-new- threat-2 9344. html 5. Prosser, J. , & Nelson, L. (2011). The Toxicology of Bath Salts: A Review of Synthetic Cathinones. American College of Medical Toxicology, 7, 1-10. Retrieved December 4, 2011, from the SpringerLink database. 6. Psychonaut: Psychonaut WebMapping Research Group, MDPV Report, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK (2009).

Factors and Hazards of Infant Development Essay Example

Factors and Hazards of Infant Development Essay Example Factors and Hazards of Infant Development Essay Factors and Hazards of Infant Development Essay Factors and Hazards of Infant Development There are many factors and hazards in the world that can influence an infants development even before birth. Because there are so many of them it is hard to choose which ones are the most important to remember or understand. I believe that drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and or doing drugs during pregnancy can be hazardous to the infant’s development. Alcohol during pregnancy I believe is one of the biggest hazards to a fetus. Drinking can put the mother and fetus at risk for several things. For example: miscarriages, stillbirths, premature infants, and low-birth-weight infants (Marotz Allen 2013). When a woman is drinking on a regular basis it limits her dietary intake that both she and the fetus need to grow. Drinking during pregnancy can also have an effect on fetal development. Alcohol stays in the circulatory twice as long in a fetus than it does in the mother. This can cause the most damage to the fetus during the first trimester when body structures and organs are forming, such as the brain, heart, and nervous system. Another hazard during pregnancy I believe that has an effect on the fetus is smoking. Smoking along with alcohol crosses the placental barrier and interferes with fetal development. While smoking the oxygen available to the fetus is decreased by the carbon monoxide. Also with smoking a women can experience miscarriages, stillbirths, premature infants, and low-birth-weight infants (Marotz Allen 2013). Women who smoke during pregnancy, â€Å"their babies are also at higher risk for developing sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and a range of acute and chronic respiratory problems (Marotz Allen, 2013, p. 59). † The last hazard that I believe should be talked more to women who are pregnant or wish to become pregnant are chemicals and drugs. This ranges from prescription and nonprescription, to pesticides, fertilizer and street drugs. Here is a list of just some of the chemicals or drugs: Cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methadone Nicotine Diet pills Thyroid and antithyroid drugs Hormones and many more (Marotz Allen, 2013, p. 60). Some can cause severe malformation while others can lead to fetal death, premature birth, or lifelong behavior and learning disabilities. I choose these three hazards to inform more people about because I know the personal the effects it has on an unborn infant. When my mother was pregnant with me she did not choose to take care of herself like she shou ld. She drank, smoked and did nonprescription drugs and street drugs. I formed correctly structurally wise but my brain did not. I have Dyslexia. Dyslexia is a learning disability that causes the brain to interpret information differently. I hope woman that are pregnant or want to become pregnant choose not to drink, smoke, or do drugs so they can have the best possible fetal development they can have. References Marotz, L R. Allen, K. (2013). Developmental Profiles Pre-Birth through Adolescence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay Essays

Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay Essays Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay Essay Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay Essay Customer trueness is considered to be a powerful tool for most organisations in guaranting that they gain a competitory advantage in their several industries ( Lam. Shankar. Erramilli. A ; Bvsan. 2004. p. 294 ) . Customer trueness is necessary for guaranting that organisations remain profitable while besides accomplishing growing through making out to new market evidences. The importance of client trueness in the universe of economic science has developed bit by bit as an country of survey particularly concern to concern ( B2B ) environments. This is due to the demand to analyze and place factors that guarantee client trueness is maintained and even increased. harmonizing to Haghkhah et Al. . ( 2013. p. 156 ) . Haghkhah. et Al. . ( 2013. p. 156 ) farther noted that increased competition for clients in the market signifies that concern ought to respond even faster and more specific to the demands and wants of clients in order to win their trueness. For this ground. sellers in most organisations tend to concentrate on client keeping techniques and besides to put an accent on increasing their trueness degrees. In order to accomplish this. B2B has offered huge chances to guarantee that most organisations achieve their aims of client keeping and trueness. Therefore. the latter shows the importance of understanding client keeping and trueness as an of import country of the research survey. Customer trueness is viewed as a behaviour of insistent purchasing and farther developed traveling frontward with factors such as ancestors. effects. and factors. This has led the research worker to derive an involvement in carry oning farther research on client keeping and trueness. hence. this research paper will be on the assorted ways and techniques that organisations can implement in order to increase client trueness in a B2B context Customer trueness Harmonizing to Haghkhah. et Al. . ( 2013. p. 157 ) a high rate of trueness in a B2B environment is a competitory advantage to the marketer due to the client’s willingness to pay a higher monetary value for goods and sensitive since they start going less monetary value medium as a consequence of trust that has been gained. This means that the income generated is likely to increase and stay stable to travel frontward Customer trueness is viewed as a scheme that aims at guaranting clients gain behavior of insistent buying from the same company. Customer trueness in a B2B environment achieves a common wages that benefits both the client and the organisation. It is normally considered as ways of deriving competitory advantage by an organisation over its rivals. Assorted companies have applied the scheme of keeping client trueness since it is considered cheaper in respect seeking to derive new clients in order to increase their gross base. Cater. T A ; Cater. B ( 2010. p. 1322 ) position client trueness based on activities such as contract reclamation. doing recommendations to clients and increasing backing in a concern to concern environments. They further note that these factors will probably act upon the degree of trueness to clients of an organisation. In other research. client trueness in a B2B environment is based on the experiences of the client. the future outlooks that a client may hold about the organisation and the frequence at which a client buys goods and services from the organisation ( haghkhah. Abdul Hamid. Ebrahimpour. Roghanian. A ; Gheysari. 2013. p. 158 ) . Further. ( Cater A ; Cater. 2010 ) notes that in order to act upon the trueness of clients in a B2B context. and so the organisation has to understand the behavior of the client and the attitude of the client. Literature reappraisal 2. 1 Limitations and Gap in Literature The field of client trueness is one that has much information. but really small attending has been given to business-to-business scenarios. Most old research has chiefly focused on the customer’s point of position ( Mascareigne. 2009 ) . This could be because most position client keepings as a behavioural factor. ( Ranaweera A ; Prabhu. 2003 ) In any economic system. concerns have to transact to execute their day-to-day operations. Some concerns. such as audit houses. exist to function other concerns. Extensive research on this country could help other concerns to larn the kineticss of client trueness amongst themselves. A major restriction that was besides experienced in the research was the complete generalisation of the research based on a B2B context. Since different concerns have different operations and schemes. some facets may works for a certain sector that may non needfully work for another. For illustration. constructs that may be used to increase client trueness in the banking sector. may non work in the fabrication sector. Harmonizing to Buttle ( 2008. p. 267 ) committedness is defined as the relationship that exist between the two houses and is likely to be terminated at a sensible hereafter day of the month. In a B2B environment. the committedness shared by the two houses is normally on a common understanding. Doma ( 2013. p. 72 ) notes that committedness between two houses is normally bonded by trust among the two houses. The degree of trust that is normally shared by the two or more houses that conduct concern affects their committedness model. The more a house is committed to another increases the degree of trueness shared by the two houses. Moorman A ; Rust ( 1999. p. 183 ) in their research notes that committedness is normally the degree of attempt that is put by houses in guaranting a valuable relationship enjoyed by the two houses is maintained in the long term. The relationship normally has economic benefits for the two houses in their command to guarantee they remain profitable in their operations. For this ground. there exists a belief among organisations that the relationship has economic benefits ; therefore attempts are put in keeping it. However. harmonizing to Hennig-Thurau ( 2004. p. 463 ) provinces that many bookmans tend to reason that there is no major difference between trueness and committedness. That school of idea has been dismissed by Morgan A ; Hunt ( 1999. p. 24 ) who argued there is a difference between trueness and committedness. They. nevertheless. noted that the two are related. with a committedness being an ancestor of trueness. This means that committedness is a factor in B2B environment th at will increase the degree of trueness. This besides meant that the being of committedness had a strong positive impact on the degree of committedness. Shabbir et Al. ( 2007. p. 280 ) in their research demonstrated that committedness is an ancestor of trueness. They argued that committedness in the B2B environment. it played a cardinal function in guaranting that trueness is ever maintained and even increased to higher degrees. Sharma. et Al. ( 2006. p. 77 ) in their survey note that committedness is the state of affairs whereby there is a desire to do a relationship stronger with another individual or even group due to acquaintance or even friendly relationship has that has been developed over clip due to the personal interaction that has occurred between the two over a period of clip ( Eakuru A ; Mat. 2008. p. 125 ) . Therefore. committedness should be as a consequence of placing the values that are shared normally between two organisations. It is important to observe that the client will retain a relationship with another party due to the positive consequence they have with the provider. At times. a client may be forced to go on remaining in a relationship with another party due to miss of valuable options that may be available to them ( Fullerton. 2005. p. 1388 ) . However. most relationships are maintained with a committedness as a consequence of the benefits that both parties will profit from ( Brandi. 2001. p. 67 ) . When committedness is the steering rule of B2B environment. and one organisation performs ill in comparing to the incumbent organisation. so due to the degree of committedness shared the spouses are improbable to exchange to other options ( Stephan. 2002. p. 20 ) . This makes a committedness an implicit in factor that will assist in act uponing the degree of trueness in a B2B environment ( Stephan. 2002. p. 33 ) . Akin ( 2012 ) gives an illustration. in comparing the loyal between clients with low trueness and clients with high trueness and explains that clients with high trueness will be non be swayed by discounted monetary values from other providers. Therfore. the higher the degree of committedness that will be shared between organisations an addition in trueness degrees between the organisations will be experienced. If the degree of committedness is increased through activities such as contract reclamation and devising of recommendations to the other organisation. it will in bend addition the degree of trueness enjoyed by the two houses. Therefore. if organisations want to increase the rate of issue by their clients. so they have to construct a relationship that will be founded on a committedness. Commitment will in bend addition the degree of trueness in a B2B environment. This will guarantee that the hereafter of the organisation is maintained as it will go on doing net income. In a survey conducted by CITATION Gus05 cubic decimeter 1033 ( Gustavsson A ; Lundgren. 2005 ) they give an illustration whereby air hose companies use their frequent circular plans as a agency to heighten perennial purchase through proviso of economic inducements to guarantee that they increase and besides maintain loyal among their clients. 2. 2 Theories and Methodologies A common rule that has emerged from the entire quality direction ( TQM ) motion is that the decisive way. to retaining clients. is to fulfill their demands ( Colby. 2013 ) . The theory holds that if by placing what clients expect and by run intoing these demands and outlooks. these clients are less likely to choose for the services given by a rival. Past research conducted by Colby ( 2013 ) has shown a positive relationship between satisfaction and trueness. In other words. if a client is satisfied with the services offered by a concern. the client is bound to be loyal to the concern. Other surveies have besides identified a positive relationship between service quality and client trueness ( Van Es. 2012 ) . However. a certain degree of satisfaction does non ever vouch the coveted trueness. In a certain study. Colby suggested four indexs of client trueness and this include ; demographics. past behaviour. perceptual experience of addition or loss of exchanging to a different trade name and attitudes towards openness to new trade names. Analyzing these four indexs can give a better apprehension of client trueness. For case. if a concern expects to salvage on costs by transacting with another concern. so they are most likely to be loyal to that peculiar partnership. The attitudinal attack takes a position of purchase behaviour and tends to explicate in footings of values. beliefs and attitudes. Deterministic theory entails the logical relationship between variables and research workers in this field are responsible for placing which variables affect client trueness. It appears to be acceptable to most cognitive research workers that attitude comes earlier behavior in a scenario that involves buy backing a merchandise and is really of import because attitude comes before a pick. The behavioural attack holds that internal procedures can non be measured and. hence. have no topographic point in research ( Bennet A ; Bove. 2002 ) . Understanding client trueness in a B2B scenario is a long term relationship regardless of the importance of the minutess. Both methods may differ in positions but can be both used to understand the construct. Although client trueness research has evolved over the old ages. most of this research uses a logical empiricist paradigm ( Paavola. 2006 ) . Information about client trueness has been derived chiefly from cognitive psychological science. with theories about attitude organizing most of the work. Current theoretical model could. hence. convey a new position into the trueness research. Paavola ( 2006 ) uses the societal constructionism paradigm to analyze the impression of client trueness critically. The survey gives a elaborate description of client trueness that is based on the societal world of clients. The consequences imply that different types of trueness should be taken into considerations when doing managerial executions. Classification can besides be really good when it comes to future trueness research. Most theories. which are associated with trueness surveies. trade with issues such as trueness plans. client satisfaction. client value. service quality and societal bonds ( Jacobsen. Olsson. A ; Sjovall. 2004 ) . A theoretical account constructed by Jacobsen. Olsson and Sjovall ( 2004 ) shows that societal bonds have the most important consequence on client trueness with companies in the banking sector. The survey shows that the most of import factors. in keeping client trueness in the banking sector. were societal bonds and forces. This is because. banking services are really similar and to last in such as market. strong competitory forces are required to do the right connexions. The same survey revealed that pecuniary benefits are non a important factor in that country of concern. Harmonizing to Kuusik ( 2007 ) . the factors. trustiness. satisfaction. importance of relationship and image are of import factors that play a function in the different degrees of client trueness. Traditionally. most research has focussed on either the influence of single factors on trueness or the nature of different degrees of trueness. It is of import to non merely position trueness through behavioral standards. but besides attitudinal standards every bit good. Behavioral clients could be divided into ; forced to be loyal. functionally loyal and loyal due to inertia ( Kuusik. 2007 ) . For case. in a B2B context. when a certain company is a monopoly. acquiring supplies from them is the lone logical reply. and this forces a company to be loyal by force. Businesss can be loyal by inactiveness due to the importance of a certain procedure. If the procedure is of low importance. so there is practically no demand to acquire another spouse. This can go on in state of affairss where the dealing is everyday such as trash- pickup. Functionality trueness is gained from when organisations have to spouse with other organisations because they have an nonsubjective ground to be. Research has shown that inactiveness is a state of affairs antonym to loyalty CITATION Aki12 cubic decimeter 4105 ( Akin. 2012 ) . For illustration. a concern may choose another concern since they require minimum attempt to make them. Dahlgren ( 2005 ) used multivariate informations analysis techniques to construct a nexus between dimensions of trade name trueness and to capture the different degrees of client trueness. The consequence showed several differences in the trueness dimensions. In a similar survey. Kuusik ( 2007 ) uses a LOGIT arrested development theoretical account to find the important factors that affect client trueness. The theoretical account comprises of assorted factors that affect client trueness. The survey reveals that image. satisfaction. importance of relationship and trustiness are the most important factors in trueness research. Harmonizing to East et Al. ( 2005 ) the definition of trueness is utile if they can be used to foretell phenomena such as hunt. keeping. and recommendation. The writers set up that combination steps of client trueness frequently act as hapless indexs of consumer trueness as compared to other remarkable indexs such as recommendations. Apart from sing these combinations to be of limited value. the research besides establishes that there is no signifier of trueness that ever predicts different trueness results and a general construct of trueness should be abandoned ( East. Gendall. Hammond. A ; Lomax. 2005 ) . For case. alternatively of utilizing indexs such as trueness plans and money wagess. research workers should either expression for keeping of clients and any recommendation given by them. 2. 3 Identifying relationships between thoughts and pattern to increase trueness in a B2B context Assorted thoughts have been drafted in order to increase client trueness in a B2B context. For illustration. from the above reappraisal. it is noted that designation of the company’s chances and moving on them will assist in increasing the trueness. However a company can present on all the demands of their clients. but the bringing of their services will act upon the degree of trueness traveling frontward. If when presenting all the demands of their client. and they produce a hapless bringing service. so this will probably take to a lessening in trueness degree. For illustration harmonizing to Akin ( 2012 ) factors that aid increasing the trueness of clients is high-ranking service quality delivered by houses that will take to a high degree of client satisfaction. In another scenario. companies tend to seek and happen ways in which they can act upon the frequence at which their clients entree their web sites for information. However. research indicates that half of the clients get information from their web site. The deficiency of companies to put and supply web sites that are easy to entree and supply the necessary information to their clients will take to a diminution in the degree of trueness. For this ground. there is a clear differentiation between the thoughts developed to increase trueness and the patterns a company will follow. Decision From this literature reappraisal. it can be shown that assorted researches have tried to set up the being of a positive relationship between trueness and facets such as service quality and client satisfaction. Some surveies have employed the usage of correlativity analysis to look into this relationship. Correlation research allows a research worker to find whether a relationship between variables exists. it allows one to specify the extent of the relationship between the variables ( Gall. Gall. A ; Bord. 2005 ) . Qualitative and quantitative research methods both have their benefits and drawbacks. For case. when the correlativity between two variables has been established. it still does non state the research worker what should be done. but instead what can be done. Qualitative methods. as used by Paavola ( 2006 ) . can besides convey out cognition that is non familiar with other research workers. The consequences can besides be influenced by the researcher’s personal prejud ices. However. some of these surveies tend to cover broad countries that may take long periods of research. The benefits of client keeping have been recognized by many research workers ( Feihua. 2011 ) . In the concern to concern scenario. certain facets of retaining a client bring out themselves than carry oning concern with the ordinary clients. For case. paying attending to the ordinary. like go toing meetings on clip is non a necessary. but a important wont to see. In a B2B relationship. the parties are more defined. and this is based on the premise that both parties are seeking common benefits in the relationship ( Oy. 2010 ) . In a normal concern to client relationship. the disintegration of the relationship ends up in the consumer go forthing the services of the supplier. In the B2B apparatus. the terminal of the relationship is thought in footings of a procedure while in exchanging is thought every bit merely as a alteration in the relationship. In client trueness research. possibly it would be of critical importance to see the industry in which the research is being conducted on. In industries where the concerns provide similar services. societal bonds could be the prevailing factor that promotes consumer trueness between concerns. In other industries. where the services offered are different. likely trueness plans and pecuniary wagess could be the manner to win client trueness. Mentions Akin. E. ( 2012 ) . Literature Review and Discussion on Customer Loyalty and Consciousness. European Journal of Economics. Finance and Administrative Sciences. 158-170. Brandi. J. ( 2001 ) . Constructing Customer Loyalty: The 21 Essential Elementss †¦ in Action. Texas: The Walk The Talk Company. Buttle. F. ( 2008 ) . Customer Relationship Management ( 2nd ed. ) . New York: Routledge. Doma. S. A. ( 2013 ) . Relationship Quality as Predictor of B2B Customer Loyalty. SYSTEMICS. CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS. 111 ( 1 ) . 72-78. Gustavsson. S. . A ; Lundgren. E. ( 2005 ) . Customer Loyalty. Lulea University of Technology. Haghkhah. A. . Abdul Hamid. A. B. . Ebrahimpour. A. . Roghanian. P. . A ; Gheysari. H. ( 2013 ) . Committedness and Customer Loyalty in Business-To-Business Context. European Journal of Business and Management. 15 ( 19 ) . 156-164. Lam. S. Y. . Shankar. V. . Erramilli. M. K. . A ; B. M. ( 2004 ) . Customer Value. Satisfaction. Loyalty. and Switch overing Costss: An Illustration From a Business-to-Business Service Context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 32 ( 293 ) . 294-311. Bennet. R. . A ; Bove. L. ( 2002 ) . Identifying the Key Issues for Measuring Loyalty. QUT Digital Repository. 1-29. Cater. T. . A ; Cater. B. ( 2010 ) . Merchandise and relationship quality influence on client committedness and trueness in B2B fabrication relationships. Industrial selling direction. 39 ( 8 ) . 1321-1333. Colby. C. ( 2013. December 9 ) . A New Paradigm for Understanding Customer Retention. Retrieved from Rockbridge: hypertext transfer protocol: //rockresearch. com/a-new-paradigm-for-understanding-customer-retention/ Eakuru. N. . A ; Mat. N. ( 2008 ) . The application of structural equation mold ( SEM ) in finding the ancestors of client trueness in Bankss in South Thailand. The Business Review. Cambridge. 10 ( 2 ) . 129-139. East. R. . Gendall. P. . Hammond. K. . A ; Lomax. W. ( 2005 ) . Consumer Loyalty: Remarkable. Linear or Synergistic? Australian arketing Joural. 10-17. Feihua. Q. ( 2011 ) . Customer Retention in E-commerce concern. Haaha-Helia University imperativeness. 1-56. Fullerton. G. ( 2005 ) . How commitment both enables and undermines marketing relationships. European Journal of selling. 39 ( 11 ) . 1372-1388. Gall. J. . Gall. M. . A ; Bord. W. ( 2005 ) . Using educational research: A practical usher ( 1st ed. ) . Boston: Pearzon. Hennig-Thurau. T. ( 2004 ) . Customer orientation of service employees: Its impact on client satisfaction. committedness. and keeping. International Journal of Service Industry Management. 15 ( 5 ) . 460-478. Jacobsen. D. . Olsson. M. . A ; Sjovall. A. ( 2004 ) . The Creation of Customer Loyalty. Kristianstad University. 1-71. Kuusik. A. ( 2007 ) . AFFECTING CUSTOMER LOYALTY: DO DIFFERENT FACTORS HAVE VARIOUS INFLUENCES IN DIFFERENT LOYALTY LEVELS? Tartu University Press. 1-29. Mascareigne. J. ( 2009 ) . Customer Retention. Lulea University Press. 1-88. Moorman. C. . A ; Rust. R. T. ( 1999 ) . The function of selling. The Journal of Marketing. 180-197. 63. Morgan. R. M. . A ; Hunt. S. D. ( 1999 ) . The commitment-trust theory of relationship selling. The Journal of selling. 20-38. Oy. O. ( 2010 ) . 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